Geographical Analysis of Nankana Sahib, Pakistan

geographic Analysis of Nankana Sahib, PakistanIntroduction of Nankana sahibA brief history of metropolisThis urban center was named after the first Guru of Sikhs Guru Nanak Dev Ji. It is capital of Nankana Sahib soil. This metropolis has historic significance regarding trust because Guru Nanak Dev Ji spread the ignition of the universal message to this world so it is a city of amply historic and religious value and is a popular pilgrimage site for Sikhs from all over the world oddly India. (http//www.sgpc. cabbage/historical-gurdwaras/gurdwaras_in_pakistan.asp, 2011)It is bounded by Hafizabad on North and located about 75 kilometers south west of Lahore and about 55 kilometers east of Faisalabad and Its Southern termination is organize by district Okara. (http//nha.gov.pk/?option=com_contentview=articleid=403%3Anankana-sahibcatid=62%3AtourismItemid=82showall=1, 2011)Earlier the townsfolk was known as Rai-Bhoi-Di-Talwandi and was renamed after the birth of Guru Nanak as Nank ana Sahib. Formerly the state of matter around Nankana Sahib was a tehsil of district Sheikhupura regularize. In 2005 the Punjab Government decide to rat the status of city as a dominion.Climate and nation conditions of cityThe climate of the city is subject to extreme deviations. From the middle(a) of December to the middle of March the air is very moist or cold and light to moderate rain falls at intervals. The season of the winter rains is followed by a hex of very pleasant weather. In April the temperature rises fast and the deuce consecutive months ar very hot. Towards the end of June Monsoon conditions appear and during the following dickens and a half months spells of rainy weather alternate with intervals of hot oppressive weather. The average rainfall in the district is about 635 mm. The upland or the quantity in the North West, in the natural condition, is a take contain prairie thickly dotted over with a stunted at a lower place- graduation-up of bush jung le. The Bar Soil is popularly known as Missie. The low land along the river Ravi has light soil. The central portion which is the Deg Valley has stiff soil. Stiff soil is either Rohi or Kallarathi depending on the salt (kallar) contents. (Awan, 2009)Geographical limitslatadministrative limitsFormerly the city was a tehsil of Sheikhupura District. In May 2005 the Government of Punjab resolved to raise the status of the city as a District with an aim that the economic condition of city along with the surrounding lands lift because it is a pilgrimage center for Sikhs from all over the globe. at that place is development particularly of road network along all the city. Changes has been made in the administrative bodies of city form tehsil to district level administration.Nankana Sahib District is administratively segment into three tehsils.Nankana SahibSangla HillShahkotOn 1 December 2008, Safdarabad was reattached to Sheikhupura District. (http//www.dawn.com/news/138586/nankana-be comes-district, 2005) breeding in Nankana cityPrivate impresarios and State Government have think to develop Nankana Sahib District with various projects, includingA rest house for Sikh pilgrimsA new International Hotel for the people of the districtA shop mallA housing schemeA modern infirmaryA road-link to the Lahore and Faisalabad dual-carriagewayDistrict Complex Nankana SahibThe International Guru Nanak UniversityThe prospect for development of an airport has been outstretched in the district Nankana Sahib. The Government of Punjab has decided to link the city with provincial capital Lahore. (http//punjabroadways.gov.in/amritsar-nankanasahib.htm, 2006) sections in Nankana districtDistrict Education subdivisionDistrict Health c ar departmentDistrict Police sectionDistrict Law and Order DepartmentDistrict Agriculture DepartmentDistrict Finance DepartmentDistrict outgrowth DepartmentDistrict Transportation DepartmentDistrict Infrastructure DepartmentDistrict Telecommunication s DepartmentDistrict Human Right DepartmentDeputy District Officers unearthly DepartmentElection Commission DepartmentNADRA DepartmentTehsil Municipal presidential term DepartmentWapda DepartmentIndustrial DepartmentDistrict Fishers DepartmentDistrict Forest Department (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankana_Sahib_DistrictClans_settled_in_District_Nankana, 2011)Demography and LanguageAccording to the 1998 census of Pakistan Punjabi is verbalise by 98% population of the city. Shahmukhi script is mostly utilise by natives but Nankana Sahib is one of few cities of Pakistan where the Gurmukhi dialect is similarly understood by the locals. The Punjabi dialects spoken in the district areMajhi dialect which is spoken by the majority of district.Malwi dialect spoken by the migrated people from India Punjab.Urdu is also used and spoken as national language in the offices and education centers and side of meat is also spoken and understood by educated people.According to Punjab Development Statistics 2008, total population of Nankana Sahib District is 1,466 thousands persons out of which 762 thousands are males and 704 thousands are females. absorption of population in the district is 539 persons per square Kilometer.Muslims are in great in population size 97% of population is Muslim and totally 3% are Sikhs.Tehsil wise rural and urban population is assumption in the add-inTOWN-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN RURAL POPULATION take a leak OF TOWNPOPULATION (THOUSAND PERSON)URBANRURALTOTALNankana Sahib79705784Safdarabad54210264Sangla Hill58138196Shahkot45177222Total23612301466 citation Punjab Development Statistics 2008. (Awan, 2009)Infra-structural facilities parley networkA) Road links.The city has 1289.84 kilometers metaled roads in length. in that location has been various plans of construction and development in the city regarding roads for connecting it with big cities corresponding Lahore, Sheikhupura, and Faisalabad through metal roads. For this purpose the government of Punjab is completing an interchange at caravan inngah Dogra on M-2 motor way which is connecting Lahore with Islamabad and is almost 5kms away from city Nankana. This project will help in development of newly formed district. This interchange will also give access to the Grand corpse Road which is leading towards Indian Punjab from Wagah mold. A Nankana Sahib-Amritsar bus was initiated by prime of life Minister Manmohan Singh of India for Sikhs.B) lead linkage.There are three major Rail heads in the district, including Nankana Sahib, Safdarabad, and Sangla Hill. Through these linkages the city has been connected to Lahore and Faisalabad districts. A train from Amritsar India via Wagah B lodge Lahore also came to Nankana city.Power supply stationThere are 9 grid stations in the district varying in efficiency between 66 KV to 132 KV.Telecommunication exchanges The district has 30 shout exchanges operating with varying capacity from 50 lines to 7822 lines. Mobile phone function of different networks are also available.Social infrastructural Facilities in the District complaisant INFRA-STRUCTURAL FACILITIES TEHSILPRIMARY/MIDDLE/ HIGH SCHOOLCOLLEGEHOSPITALPOLICE stakeRAILWY STATIONSPOST OFFICEBANKSNankana Sahib7323173833Safdarabad2100024210Sangla Hill129202429Shahkot1452020313Total12167113111565The following slacken is showing the details of social facilities in the district on Tehsil levelSource Punjab Development Statistics 2008 / Respective District Offices. (Awan, 2009)Natural resourcesAgricultureMain crops. Rice, sugarcane, and wheat are the briny crops cultured in the district. The production of crops between years 2005-06 to 2007-08 are given in the table belowPRODUCTION OF MAIN CROPS(2005-06 to 2007-08)CropsPRODUCTION (M.TONS)2005-062006-072007-08Sugarcane667850941 shuck414411451Rice173164180Source board of directors of Agriculture, Crop Reporting Service, Punjab. (Awan, 2009) besides, Maize, Bajra, Cotton, Mash, Mong, Jawar, Masoo r, crude seeds such as Mustard, Sun Flower are also crowing in minor quantities in the district.Main fruitsGuava and Citrus are the main fruits grown in the district which are cultivated at that place production during the period of 2005-06 to 2007-08 is given below in the following table Production of Main Fruits (2005-06 to 2007-08)Fruits Production (M.TONS)2005-062006-072007-08Guava242983364429527Citrus16285104009443Source Directorate of Agriculture, Crop Reporting Service, Punjab. (Awan, 2009)Besides other fruits including Mango, Banana, Litchi, Jaman and Phalsa are also grown in minor quantities in the district.Vegetablescultivated carrot, Cauliflower, Potatoes, and Onion are main vegetables grown in the district their production during the years 2005-06 to 2007-08 is shown in the table given belowProduction of Main Vegetables (2005-06 to 2007-08)VEGETABLE Production (M.TONS)2005-062006-072007-08Potatoes205936182896Carrot10558985410311Cauliflower218591760217553Onion141091421 813222Source Directorate of Agriculture, Crop Reporting Service, Punjab. (Awan, 2009)Besides Turnip, Peas, Tomato, Chilies and Garlic are also cultivated in the district in minor quantities.ForestsAbout 1.3 % of the total area of the district is under forests, which is an area of 1068.16 Hectares. There is also plantation of 955 Kilometers of tress in linear pose alongside the roads/rails/canals in the district. Kau, Phalai, Kikar and Shisham are types of trees grown in the district.LivestockAnimal population.The main animals which are in the district are Goats, Sheep, Cattle, and Buffalos and their population is shown in the table given below, Animal population beast POPULATION ANIMALPOPULATION (Thousand HEADS)Goats256Cattle130Sheep39Buffaloes401Source Punjab Development Statistics 2008. (Awan, 2009)Poultry populationAccording to Punjab Development Statistics 2008 there 62 layer and 386 Broiler poultry farms in the district having capacity of 229 thousands and 9653 bird respective ly. There are also 4 breeding farms having capacity of 510 thousand birds. addressable Hides/Skins from Slaughter housesIn year 2006-07 animals which were assassinateed in the recognized or un-recognized slaughter houses are 51000 animals which is sound estimate of availability of hides and skins in the district as per 2008 Punjab Development Statistics.The availability of slaughter house by products is estimated as under-Blood 17.65 M.TONSBones 86.10 M.TONSTallow 17.91 M.TONSWool productionThe total population of sheep is 39 thousand heads in the district from which approximately 39 M.TONS rough woollen is produced annually.Literature reviewIntroductionOne of the most important and frail issues of our time is utilization of energy resources. Energy provisions are controlling to improve the infrastructure, transport, roads, industry, and construction of buildings to quicken the development of country. Pakistan is meeting severe repugn of energy deficit due to enormous increase in demand, growth of industrial zones, increment in population growth rate, poor brass instrument of energy resources, deficient plans, devoid in implementation of policies regarding energy. (Munir, 2006)Researches in foregoneIn past work has been done on solar panels in fields of remote sensing and GIS in different parts of world. A few of them are discussed over here,A look on the depicted object Satellite remote sensing for identification of solar effectiveness sites in Pakistan has been made. The take away area is located at between longitude 62 and 75 degree east and latitude 24 and 37 degree north. clobber and methods satellite images were used in this playing field to identify the solar potential sites in Pakistan. Satellite data of NOAA was used which has focus on conditions of oceans and the atm data which was free available on their website. Images from year 2005-2009 were selected of months including June, July and August these months were selected because these a re monsoon months with maximum cloud cover. Precipitation data of following months having been collected from meteoric department Pakistan.Data interpretation and analysisENVI and GIS are the main computer software packages that are employed for this satellite imagery analysis.Data ProcessingGeo referencing enhancementSelection of area of interest for classification (ROI)Supervised Classification (maximum likelihood method)Subset (Using Pakistan Boundaries)Vector comparabilityComposite (Monthly Maps)Data analysisIn order to find out least cloudless area, UNOIN operation has been performed which was most becharm for combing cloud cover vector layers of different years and final result vector layer shows the area with and without cloud cover. Final step touch to overlay the Pakistan district vector layer on each sum of money layer, which provides location of least cloudless district in Pakistan.Results and conclusionThe results indicated that Dera Ghazi Khan and Multan have maxi mum potential for solar sites in whole Pakistan. part Quetta is selected to be a city receiving maximum solar actinotherapy. Cholistan desert has been kinda favorable for solar energy harvesting. In spite of having a colossal potential of energy resources, Pakistan still remains an energy scarce country and has to heavily depend on imports to fulfill its energy demands. (Ahmad, Aziz, Wahid, Basir, 2013)A research on the yield A Simple Solar Radiation baron for Wildlife Habitat Studies has also been made.Study AreaThey illustrated the use of SRI (solar shaft indication) is an deterrent example application in which they tested for niche separation among bighorn sheep, wapiti, and scuff deer during winter along a single environmental axis. The Gardiner washbowl area of northern Yellowstone winter range (NYWR) USA. Houston and Despain gave the detailed description of area. The elevations in the area ranged about 1500m to 3350m.MethodsSolar beam of light Index is derived by them by using the general equation for hourly extraterrestrial radiation hit an arbitrarily oriented surface.Relationship to Hill shadeCiarniello et al. (2005) calculated pitchers mound shade values using a digital elevation molding DEM and ArcGIS 8.3 version used those values as surrogate for solar radiation. The hillshade index was difficult to evaluate because algorithm for calculating hillshade is not given.Ungulate nook SeparationThey calculated slope and aspect from 30 m DEM and ascertain the density of use by bighorn sheep, elk, and mule deer from tuner telemetry data gathered in previous studies.Results and discussionsIn both comparison of relationship to hillshade with different values of azimuth and elevation they observe mystifying behavior in values of hillshade. For all species examined winter use was unvoiced in locations receiving relatively high levels of solar radiation. They found no deflexion in allocation of winter use by bighorn sheep and elk with respec t to solar radiation. Our SRI is designed to enhance wildlife home ground models containing a solar radiation component by reducing noise improving interpretability and minimizing the pattern of model covariates. Ultimately this promotes greater understanding of the determinants of wild life habitat relationships and in turn improved decision making by wildlife managers. (Vore, Ibry, Keating, Gogan, 2007) take a crap regarding solar radiation calculations has also been made on the following topic The Calculation of Solar and Net Radiation in Mountain Terrain,There is at present a need for reliable data on fluxes of solar and net radiation in hilly terrain. This paper develops a model which uses cloud temperature data to obtain above radiation fluxes in a mesoscale rough environment at Risdon Tasmania.The model was tested against climatological measurements of solar radiation in a horizontal area and was found to be satisfactory. Extending the test into a mountainous terrain is n ot practicable since measurements of solar and net radiations in such environment would be disturbed by the high forest and vegetation cover. The model must be viewed as an appraisal of the solar and net radiation input into the vegetation-soil system.Diffuse solar radiation is an important component of solar radiation flux in this dark and temperate marine climate. Due to its isotropic nature diffuse solar radiation minimizes spatial differences in solar and net radiation receipt. hefty interception of direct solar radiation occurs in winter time and indeed differences in solar and net radiation receipt are highest then. In winter time north facing slopes will receive the highest radiation while south facing slopes are largely in tooshie and receive mostly diffuse solar radiation.ConclusionThis paper has indicated a method for estimating incident direct, diffuse and net radiation in mountainous terrains. The model has performed adequately when tested against climatological est imates of direct and diffuse solar radiation on a horizontal surface. The results leave open several paths of research. transmittance of radiation through the vegetation canopy could be studied in this mesoscale terrain. Also important are the implications of these results to the meso-scale water balance. Pan evaporation correlates wellspring with net radiation (Kirkpatrick Nunez, 1980) which implies that approximate microscale water budgets could be obtained in the study area if the assumption is made that precipitation is constant. In summary, it is felt that the study of the incident radiation must represent a first step in under-standing the energy exchanges between the surface and the atmosphere in this complicated environment. (Nunez, 1980)Research has also been done regarding solar radiation calculation on the topic named as Modeling a Solar Radiation Topoclimatology for the Rio Grande River Basin.