Optics :: essays research papers

Aim To examine characteristics of a converging lens and the images they create. Also to examine the focal length and how the cerebrate fountainhead may be found and developing rules for locating an image via electron beam drawings and the intersection of glows. Chromatic aberration will also be explored and wherefore it happens.Theory Both lenses and mirrors have a principle axis, yet a lens has two focal points as opposed to a mirror that has and adept. When considering converging lenses, the primary focal point (PF) can be found on the opposite side of the lens in regards to the light. The secondary focal point (SF) organism on the same side as the light source. Focus points on thin double convex lenses are located at each side of the lens, measured from the middle of the lens itself (see below). Chromatic aberration is a problem of converging lenses that will also be explored in this experiment. A commentary of each image produced will also be given (attitude, type, ma gnification and location).Apparatus The main tools (apparatus) used in the experiment consist of a ray quoin containing cards which allow one, two, three or four rays onto a sheet of paper at a time so that rays path from the box to the mirror will be able to be traced. Also two (2) different types of converging lenses, one being cylindrical while the other being spherical, the difference being that the spherical one is used for viewing, the cylindrical one for use with the ray box. These lenses are one of many different sorts of lenses in the "lens box". The use of a ruler would also be helpful so that accurate measurements may be taken.Method1. A cylindrical lens was placed on paper and traced around, a principal axis was drawn making sure that its at rights angles to the lens. The ray box was switched on (exposing only one ray) and lined up parallel to the principle axis, a mark where the ray leaves the box was do as well as where it hits the lens (on both sides) and wh ere the ray bisects the principle axis. After this, the ray box was removed and using a ruler, rays were accurately drawn. The focus point (f) was measured to be of length 7.3cm (7.25). 2. The lens was replaced backward on a sheet of paper with ray box emitting three rays, the middle ray lined up on the principle axis, marks were made where the rays intersected at on the principle axis and this was measured to be the primary focus point.

Rita M. Gross Feminism and Religion Essay -- Rita Gross Feminist Pape

In her book Feminism and Religion, Rita M. Gross provides readers with an introduction to the need for, and benefits of, androgynous scholarship in the sphere of influence of religious studies. Gross strives to make readers aware of the dangers of androcentric, Eurocentric scholarship. Moreover, she advances the claim that, properly pursued, the field of religious studies involves study of all major religions found in piece history and an refer representation of both mens and womens religious experiences (Gross 1-4). Because androcentrism has permeated both religion and scholarship for the greater part of history, Gross strives to countersink and augment this perspective with illuminating examples of what she deems proper religious scholarship scholarship that includes the experiences of women. Ultimately, Gross believes that womens rightist scholarship requires the study of the actual lives and thoughts of women (Gross 81) and that the diversity within feminist theology a nd spirituality is its strength (Gross 49). The anthology Her Voice, Her credence Women Speak on World Religions (Arvind Sharma and Katherine K. Young, Editors) is a glowing example of the type of religious scholarship Gross, and others like her, fought so tenaciously to bring into being. In the introduction to Her Voice, Her Faith, Young expresses a desire akin to Gross When both the male and female voice become of equal strength we may begin to see for the first time three- symmetryal religious worlds fully of the two genders (and multiple cultures) but also of the human dimension that transcends their particulars This goal, of stereophonic sound, I hope, will inform the religious voices of the future (Sharma 9). Sharma and Young deftly assembled the... ...of the stereophonic sound Young, Gross and other feminists yearn to hear, informing the religious voices of the future (Sharma 9). BibliographyGross, Rita M. Feminism and Religion. Boston Beacon Press, 1996.Heschel, Susannah. Judaism. Her Voice, Her Faith Women Speak on World Religions. Ed. Arvind Sharma and Katherine K. Young. Boulder Westview Press, 2003. 145-167.Narayanan, Vasudha. Hinduism. Her Voice, Her Faith Women Speak on World Religions. Ed. Arvind Sharma and Katherine K. Young. Boulder Westview Press, 2003. 11-57.Sharma, Arvind and Katherine K. Young, Ed. Her Voice, Her Faith Women Speak on World Religions. Boulder Westview Press, 2003.Wong, Eva. Taoism. Her Voice, Her Faith Women Speak on World Religions. Ed. Arvind Sharma and Katherine K. Young. Boulder Westview Press, 2003. 119-143.

The 2nd Vatican Council Essay -- History Religion Catholic Religious E

The 2nd Vati posterior Council Starting with the First Council of Nicaea in 325 the Catholic church service established a tradition of ecumenical Council meetings to help decide on and shape the future of the Church. The most recent Council, called Vatican II, is considered to be both the largest ever in scope and also the most ground breaking in the derive of change it yielded. The changes in doctrine, dogma and procedure they enacted had major effects both inside and outside the Catholic Church and continue to today. Before the Vatican II the Catholic Church was an aging dinosaur, still crippled by the Reformation and unable to relate to contemporary man. It emerged from it a modern Church, tolerant and accepting of other religions, favorable to the laity and ready to grip with this age of reason over faith. I contend that the Vatican II council, while not being perfect or perchance as progressive as it should have been, was just what the Catholic Church needed if it intended t o maintain its status as one of the largest denominations on Earth.This root is divided up in to two portions, the first a historical account of events of the council and the second an analysis of the most important of the 16 documents approved by the assembled Fathers and their effect on the Catholic Church. WHAT HAPPENED On January 25th 1959, Pope trick XXIII announced that he was assembling what was to be the 21st ecumenical council of the papistical Catholic Church. He proclaimed to his closest advisors that the purpose of the council would be to proclaim the truth, bring Christians closer to the faith, and contribute at the same time to peace and successfulness on earth. Pope John immediately made it very clear that his papal reign, which up until this point was considered rather inconsequential, was going to make a difference.Councils of the perform are called to contemplate and reevaluate the churchs position on matters such as church administration, doctrine and discipli ne. An ecumenical council is a worldwide council that can only be called by the pope. All bishops and other high-ranking members of the whole church are to be present. This was to be the first major council in the Church since the original Vatican Council that was convened in 1869-1870. Immediately after the popes order the Vaticans bureaucracy of religious leaders, which is known as the Curia, sprung... ...ly did little more than contribute official consent to the beliefs that were already present by that time in the minds of the majority of Fathers. It still was a necessary step and required a constituent of bravery on the part of those involved. Without it the Church may well have become a trivial antiquity too stuck in its old slipway to be in any way relevant to the modern world. Works CitedBasset, Bernard. Preist in the piazza. Goal line tribute to a council, with illustrations by Penelope Harter. Fresno honorary society Guild Press, 1963.Berkouwer, G.C. The Second Vatican Council and the new Catholicism. Grand Rapids Eerdmans, 1965Caporale, Rock. Vatican II Last of the councils. Balitmore Helicon, 1964.Catholic Church Pope John XXIII. Apostolic letter of the Supreme Pontiff John Paul II on the 25 anniversay of the promulgation of the conciliar Constitution Sacrosanctum Concilium on the Sacred Liturgy. Washington D.C. United States Catholic Conference, 1988. MacEoin, Gary. What Happened at Rome? The Council and Its Implications for the Modern World. tend City Doubleday, 1966.Ratzinger, Joseph. Theological Highlights of Vatican II. New York Paulist Press, 1967.

Alexander The Great :: essays research papers

Alexander the Great(Alexander III) (356-323 BC)My son, ask for thyself another kingdom, for that which I leave is too low for thee. (King Philip of Macedonia, 339 BC)From victory to victory, from triumph to triumph Alexander created an empire that marked history and brought him eternal glory. Alexander brought Greek ideas, culture and mentality to the conquered countries and assured expansion and supremacy of the Hellenistic Culture which together with the Roman Civilization and Christianity presents the fundaments of what is now c all(prenominal)ed Western Civilization. -Born in Pella, Macedonia, 356 BC, parents were Olympias and Philip II (legends of Alex having gods for parents Zeus and Olympias)Olympias supposedly is an ancestor of Achilles, While Philips is Hercules12 yrs old altogether child able to tame horse Buecephalus(Ox head), who would later carry him in all his conquests until his death in India(city of Buecephala)13-16 yrs old taught by Aristotle340 BC Philip goes o n expedition to Byzantium, leaves Alexander, prince regent to rule Macedonia. During this time, Alexander conquered the Maedi, a troublesome Thracian tribe. Made Alexandropolis337 BC Philip II is assassinated Alexander takes over, not all approve of him-Only half Macedonian-Did not care, and proceeded to kill all allegedly linked to fathers murder335 BC takes Thebes334-333 BC Phrygia- cuts Gordian knot, which could only be undone by the man who was to rule Asia.Battle of Issus- Victory- Crushes Darius II of PersiaDarius flees- left behind entire family, and tent filled with 3000 talents of gold (today in U.S.- 1.2 trillion $)gains most of western Asia Minor332- reaches Egypt, Egypt welcomes him as their great liberatorFounded Alexandria331- Battle of Arbela- crushed Darius again, Babylon recognizes Alexander as King of AsiaAlexander enters Susa and Persepolis uncontested329-328- defeated Scythians(nomads who had murdered Macedonians) at Jaxartes327-326 Invasion of India capture of Porus

Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky , composer :: essays research papers

A Great Composer Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky was born on May 7, 1840. When Peter was born his family lived on a small estate in Votkinsk, a town near the Ural Mountains in central Russia. His father was French but his mother was Russian. She played the piano, and little Peter soon imitated her. His father had go to Moscow when he was eight years old. When he later moved to Moscow , he attended the school of Jurisprudence. Sadly, Peters mother died in the summer of 1854 of cholera.Peter later begins his music career. Some of his first ballets were Juliet in Romeo and Juliet, Joan of Arc, Odette . In his ballet roll out Lake, a woman cursed by a wizard is changed into a swan. Peter had a 1 symphony called Winter Dreams in 1868. He met a Belgian singer named Desiree Artet. In a some months after their relationship started, she married someone else. After the terrible breakup, Peter started to compose all around the world. He had his symphony 2 which was nicknamed , The Little Russian. He originally wrote Piano Concerto 1 in 1875 and became very famous. At one time, he was Russias most famous composer. In the year 1876 he premiered Swan Lake, where he met face to face with Russias most famous writer, Leo Tolstoy. In March 1877, Swan Lake was performed for the first time. Today it is considered the greatest ballet anyone has perpetually seen. In 1877, the Queen of England asked him to compose a simple piano and violin arrangement. Peter was later found out to be a homosexual. Perhaps he felt he had to keep his sexual orientation a secret. On night he attempted suicide because of all the stress he had been with in his life.

Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky , composer :: essays research papers

A Great Composer Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky was born on May 7, 1840. When Peter was born his family lived on a small estate in Votkinsk, a town near the Ural Mountains in central Russia. His father was French but his mother was Russian. She played the piano, and little Peter soon imitated her. His father had moved to capital of the Russian Federation when he was eight years old. When he later moved to Moscow , he attended the school of Jurisprudence. Sadly, Peters mother died in the summer of 1854 of cholera.Peter later begins his music career. Some of his first ballets were Juliet in Romeo and Juliet, Joan of Arc, Odette . In his ballet Swan Lake, a woman cursed by a ace is changed into a swan. Peter had a 1 symphony called Winter Dreams in 1868. He met a Belgian singer named Desiree Artet. In a few months aft(prenominal) their relationship started, she married someone else. After the terrible breakup, Peter started to compose all around the world. He had his symphony 2 which was nicknamed , The Little Russian. He primarily wrote Piano Concerto 1 in 1875 and became very famous. At one time, he was Russias most famous composer. In the year 1876 he premiered Swan Lake, where he met face to face with Russias most famous writer, Leo Tolstoy. In March 1877, Swan Lake was performed for the first time. Today it is considered the greatest ballet anyone has ever seen. In 1877, the Queen of England asked him to compose a simple piano and violin arrangement. Peter was later found out to be a homosexual. Perhaps he tangle he had to keep his sexual orientation a secret. On night he attempted suicide because of all the stress he had been through in his life.

How does Steinbeck make use of the natural setting in of mice and men Essay

The Brush by the Salinas River is one of the most important locations in the entire novel. Steinbeck creates a pretty and natural setting by his use of figurative language. Willows fresh and green with every spring and leaves lie deep and so crisp create an go steady in the mind of the reader that evokes a calm and peaceful mood. Steinbeck then uses the setting to introduce the two principal(prenominal) protagonists. The arrival of the protagonists interrupts the harmony of the river bank, but forward whatever sign of them is visible or within earshot, the birds fly away, the rabbits scatter, and all the other animals flee the area. This lets us know that slightlything or someone is coming. Steinbeck introduces to the two main protagonists.They are the described identically but it is not until Steinbeck describes their different features that we turn around their differences .We dont know their names until the dialogue starts. Through their dialogue we learn that the larger ma n is Lennie and the smaller man is George. Both physically and character wise, George and Lennie are completely different, almost exact opposites. Lennie is not very bright, and acts like a big baby. He likes to pet soft things, he throws tantrums once in a while, and when he senses his advantage in an argument he takes that opportunity and is whiny, immature, and kafkaesque about the situation. If you don want me I can go off in the hills an find a cave. I can go away any time.George, on the other hand, is very mature, and although he gets angry and frustrated with Lennie sometimes, he always ends up feeling sorry that he was mean, and apologizes sadly. I been mean, aint I? George and Lennie are very close friends, they travel together, they stick together, and they look after each other. George and Lennie have a dream, one that theyve had for apparently quite some time. George and Lennie want to own and live in a little house of their own, with animals and vegetables and fires fo r the winter. They want to have their dream house, a place where they can live on their own, without worrying about anyone or anything. Steinbeck creates a setting of this dream which is used as motivation for George and Lennie but more specifically for George to keep Lennie safe. The dream relate with the American Dream, what they aspire is only a microcosm of the American Dream. The whole setting of the dream is so minimal that is really nothing like the American Dream.

Mental illness and prison

From the 1960s to the 1980s, the deinstitutionalization movement demanded that the ment all in ally ill be treated in the comm building blocky, using new drug therapies that appeared to control even the most extreme behaviors of the intellectually ill. This liberation of psychiatric patients was reinforced by court decisions that awarded certain sanctioned rights to the emotionally ill. But few community-based programs were developed to treat psychiatric patients effectively. Released to the community without adequate support and treatment services, the mentally ill gravitated to turn confinement facilities for offenders, curiously the jail simply also to the prisons of the United States.It is estimated that about 15 percent of offenders imprisoned at any time sacrifice severe or incisive mental nauseaes, much(prenominal) as schizophrenia, manic-depression illness, and depression. Approximately 10 to 15 percent of persons with these three illnesses die by suicide. Yet curr ent treatment is extremely effective, if given. Prisoners track down to be in poor mental wellness and about 80 percent of male prisoners and 80 percent of female jail inmates will, over their lifetime, have at least one psychiatric disorder.The greater the level of disability while in prison, the more than(prenominal) likely the inmate is to receive mental wellness services. In practice, proportionately more female prisoners use mental health services than do males, and whites are more likely to seek or rock-steady prison mental health services than a nonher(prenominal)s. At least half of the inmates who need such(prenominal) treatment go without it (Sigurdson, 2001).While the U.S. Supreme Court has non imbed that inmates have a constitutional right to treatment, it has ruled an inmates constitutional right to medical treatment includes the right to treatment for expert emotional illness. The correction system is caught in the middle. Institutions are not required to provid e services simply because their clients are criminals, and thus have shifted critical silver to other uses, such as increased security staffing. The threat of potential litigation has meant that some revision and provisions of mental health services for in earnest ill inmates is necessary.As the mentally ill become a larger segment of the population in jails and prisons, professionals in the mental health field became meaty to the correctional administrators. The ratio of mental health practitioners to inmates remains much too low, there has been some progress. Because many institutions must deal with mental health issues on a priority basis, few to no services are provided for the majority who do not exhibit violent or bizarre behavior. It is a realistic fact that in corrections the squeaky wheel gets the grease (Steadman, 1991).For some inmates, the impacts of prison life overwhelm their usual coping patterns. nearly factors that lead to prison psychosis include the routine o f prison, fear of other inmates, forced homosexual behavior, assault and fear of assault, deteriorating in affairs and circumstances of family on the outside of prison and depression. When the mental crisis comes, correctional administrators frequently transfer affected inmates to prison infirmaries or psychological treatment words, or initiate inmate transfer to a mental health system.Long-term and intensive psychotherapy for mentally ill inmates is believed to be rare. Treatment for episodic mental crisis tends to remain at the first aid level in many states. Death rows do not commonly contain a large proportion of a prisons population but link up a disproportionate share of the per inmate cost due to the demands of observing, caring, and maintaining death row. That includes a lower staff-inmate ratio, mail processing, death-watch officer workload, closer custody during recreational periods and so on. Some inmates on death row become mentally ill and as such cannot be executed (Ford v. Wainright, 106 S. Ct. 2595, 1986).The state has an additional burden of find out if the death-row inmate is insane, establishing some procedure to restore the inmate to sanity, and then certifying the sanity of the patient-inmate. Because this would be tantamount to a death sentence and not a party favor for the inmate, it is unlikely mental health physicians would undertake that process alone or with any great enthusiasm. It remains for the states to develop procedures for identifying, diagnosing, treating, and certifying the sanity of death row inmates who train to be insane (Steadman & Monahan, 1984).For the extreme behavior cases, there are special units for more intensive treatment, such as the one in Washington State. That unit is a model of how to deal with extreme mentally and behaviorally disordered prisoners. Unfortunately, that installation can handle only 144 inmates. The figure is only about tenth part of the commonly recognized population of inmates who cou ld use more intensive mental health services. One quickly finds that only the really severe cases are equal to(p) to be referred to the Special Offender Center.It appears that the relationship between crime and mental disorder has no real cause effect. It is necessary for hostel to learn more about distinguishing between different kinds of mental illness and their impacts on safe and secure administration of correctional institutions. It is important to remember that the real link to confront for is one that indicates the potential for harm to the mentally ill person and others. It may be a long time before such options are visible(prenominal) to the already overcrowded corrections system in the United States (Wessely & Taylor, 1991). there are two fittingifications that defendants can invoke in an attempt to relieve themselves of criminal obligation for a criminal act. The first is not guilty by argue of derangement and the second is incompetent to stand trial. In the firs t instance, offenders do not deny the commission of the act, but assert they lacked the capacity to understand the nature of the act or that it was wrong.The second instance is based on the common rectitude criterion that defendants must be able to understand the charges against them to cooperate with their counsel in the preparation of their own self-abnegation. The procedures for determining competency vary considerably among jurisdictions, but most make it a court decision based on psychiatric testimony. If defendants are found incompetent to stand trial, then they are usually committed to a mental institution until declared competent (Hans, 1986).Psychiatric judgment of mental abnormality enters into the criminal law in three ways. off from fitness to stand trial and criminal responsibility, if an individual is convicted, psychiatry is often consulted in designing a custodial or treatment program for him or her. One problem in the use of psychiatry in the legal system is that there are vast and irreconcilable differences in the legal standards candour is achieved by responding to a specific act with a specific type of reaction while ignoring a mass of details about the accused.On the other hand, in the mental health approach of psychiatry the whole personality of the accused is relevant in determining the states response to criminal behavior. Psychiatry is an applied science, but legal practice makes no such claim. Clearly, as long as a judge and jury have such important roles in the court process, convicted criminals cannot be treated primarily according to scientific standards. While it is customary for a judge and jury to participate in the legal process, we would find their dealing with matters of mental health bizarre and while the legal process is typically open to scrutiny by all peck affected, the procedures of psychiatry are almost never made public. The types of accountability of the legal and mental health systems are quite different.If a c ourt correctly describes the facts of a case and chooses the correct legal response to these facts, the court is never held accountable for any negative consequences flowing from its actions, such as the suicide of a convicted offender. What at long last happens to the convicted offender or whether the offenders family must go on welfare is not the courts concern. The judge is not bound to such utilitarian considerations. However the judge is bound by law to a specific range of responses. Psychiatry, on the other hand, is responsible for how its decisions affect the individual in the future (Galliher, 1989).With the advent of legal insanity and legal incompetence as self-denials against criminal conviction caused the development of special asylums for the criminally insane, in most cases just another form of prison without due process protections. In more recent years those claiming to be not guilty by reason of insanity have been the subjects of considerable debate. President Nix on sought to have the not guilty by reason of insanity defense abolished. More informed criminologists point to such problems with the insanity defense as excessive media coverage, suspicion of malingering by the defendant, and conflicting and suspicious testimony by mental health professionals testifying for either the defense or the prosecution.The insanity defense is used in less(prenominal) than 1 percent of all felony cases and of those only one in four are found to be not guilty by reason of insanity. One study found only the most emotionally and behaviorally disturbed defendants to be successful in their plea and that the successful petitioners had committed more serious offenses. The decision to acquit is more frequently made in court b y prosecutors, defense attorneys, and the judge, and less frequently by jury members. Persons acquitted by the not guilty by reason of insanity are generally found less likely than their cohort offenders to commit crimes after release (Hans, 1986).Prosecutors often hope that those accused offenders acquitted through the plea of not guilty by reason of insanity will be institutionalized for a period sufficient to reduce their dangerousness, and to provide both public and safety and some retribution. The debate continues. maybe the most reasonable solution would be to determine guilt first and then sift the issue of diminished capacity or insanity in that case to the sentencing or case disposition state. The American Psychiatric Association, following the attack by John Hinckley on the life of President Reagan, recognized that position.As a response, by 1986, twelve states abolished the insanity defense entirely then created guilty by mentally ill statutes in its place. Under those statues, an offenders mental illness is acknowledged but not seen as sufficient reason to allow him or her to escape criminal responsibility. If convicted, offenders are committed to prison. Some states will provide mental health treatment in the prison setting, but others may transfer the offender to a mental health facility for treatment. In Georgia, defendants who entered insanity pleas but were determined guilty by mental illness received harsher sentences than their counterparts, whose guilt was determined in trial suggesting increased punishment for the disturbed offender (Callahan, McGreevy & Cirincione, 1992).Persons with mental disability, such as mentally disturbed or disorders, were once scorned, banished, and even burned as evil. But in more enlightened times we have built backwoods fortresses for them to protect ourselves from contagion. They have been executed as witches, subjected to exorcism, chained or thrown into gatehouses and prisons to furnish a dire diversion for the other prisoners. Before the Middle Ages persons with a mental illness were generally tolerated and usually cared for locally by members of their own family, tribal system, or primitive person society.However widespread poverty, diseas e, and religious fanaticism seemed to trigger intolerance for any unexplainable deviation from the norm. The mentally disturbed were thought to be possessed by devils and demons and were punished harshly because of it. The first insane asylum was constructed in Europe in 1408. From that date until recently the asylum was a dumping ground for all the mentally disordered people that could be neither understood nor cured.In the United States, one after another of the individual states responded to that compelling method of ridding society of misfits, and built numerous institutions during the mid 1800s. The inflated claims of cures for mental illness could not stand up against the process of institutionalization and long-term commitments sometimes for a lifetime and not cures became the rules of the day (Ives, 1914).Asylums became yet another invisible empire in America with the punitive excess and lack of care or caring ignored by society. Out of sight, out of mind was the catch phras e of these unfortunates. With the discovery of tranquilizing drugs, these places became a place where patients were put into a controllable stupor, until a cure could be found. Because of longer and longer periods of institutionalization usually by family members finally got the attention of the courts. In the 1960s the rights of all citizens, including the mentally ill and convicts, were being re-examined at every level.The abuses in the back wards of the asylums were brought to light and the counter-reaction was extreme. In the early 1970s, state after state adopted policies under the Community Mental Health Act that swept the country. The essential goal was to release all inmates of the asylums who were not a clear and present danger to themselves and society. This act flooded the central cities of America with tens of thousands of mentally impaired street people and created poorhouses. The response by most jurisdictions has been to transfer the problem to the criminal justice s ystem, filling the jails and correctional institutions of America, a process known as transintitutionalization (Arrigo, 2002).There appears to be some confusion between physical disease and mental disease. Because physicians have made great strides in gaining knowledge about physical disease, it is presume by some people that this is also true of physicians knowledge about mental disease. That is the tendency is to apply the same standards of competence to both areas of practice, even though this is hardly warranted.The distinction between crime and mental illness is unclear. Some of the writers assume that nearly all criminal behavior is a manifestation of mental disease. It seems that the reason for both of these ambiguities is that we really do not know what mental illness is, and that is the reason we cannot distinguish between mental illness and physical illness on the one hand and mental illness and crime on the other. It is unfortunate that the long indeterminate sentences o ften given to mentally disordered offenders deliberate a fear that those committed might be a problem in the future.It is the expectation that someone is capable of predicting criminal inclination that makes so suspicious the programs for treating the mentally disordered. So, one can see the paradox of requiring psychiatrists to predict behavior and to attach a label to offenders, when that might result in an indefinite or even womb-to-tomb commitment to a mental institution for someone who is not really dangerous, such as a false-positive prediction. The individual is then designate for custody and treatment in a special area within that institution. When you consider the wealth of folklore surrounding mental institutions, it becomes clear that a dreadful lifelong stigma accompanies the label of criminally insane. While the public remains upset by the gaping loophole in the net of justice, the courts continue to seek out candid ways to deal with the offender who has diminished mental capacity.ReferenceArrigo, B. (2002). Transcarceration A Costructive Ethnology of Mentally- diabetic Offenders. Prison Journal 81(2), 162-186.Callahan, L., McGreevy, M., & Cirincione, C. (1992). Measuring the Effects of the Guilty but Mentally Ill Verdict Georgias 1982 GBMI Reform. Law and Human Behavior 16(4), 447-462.Galliher, J. (1989). Criminology Human Rights, Criminal Law, and Crime. N.J. Prentice Hall.Hans, V. (1986). An analysis of Public Attitudes toward the InsanityDefense. Criminology 24(3), 393-413.Ives, G. (1914). A History of Penal Methods. London S. Paul.Sigurdson, C. (2001). The Mad, The Bad and The Abandoned The mentally Ill in Prisons and Jails. Corrections Today 62(7), 162-186.Steadman, H. (1991). Estimating Mental Health Needs and Service use Among Prison Inmates. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 19(3), 297-307.Steadman, H. J. & Monahan, J. (1984). Crime and Mental Disorder. Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Justice.Wes sely, S., & Taylor, P.J. (1991). Madness and Crime Criminology versus Psychiatry. Criminal Justice

Ends, Ways and Means of Us Policy Towards North Korea Essay

Ends are defined as the strategic outcomes or the determination states desired. Ways are defined as the methods, tactics and procedures, practices, and strategies to achieve the ends. Means are defined as the resources required to achieve the ends, such as troops, weapons systems, money, governmental will and time. MG Dennis J. Laich, USAR, Retired President Obama stated in the 2010 National Security Strategy that his administration has no greater responsibility than the safety and security of the American people (Obama, 2010, 4).In order to successfully safeguard and secure America, the administration must have clear foreign constitution delineating how it will deal with the dissimilar states across the globe that pose potential threats to America. One of these is northwards Korea. The US policy ends this essay will focus on are denuclearization and the improvement of marriage Koreas world rights record. The Obama Administration inherited a difficult situation with regard to northeastward Koreas continued attempts to advance its nuclear weapons program.The ends of US policy regarding North Koreas nuclear weapons program is successful denuclearization of the Korean peninsula (Obama, 2010, 23). President Obama stated in his 2010 National Security Strategy, if they North Korea ignore their international obligations, we will keep up multiple meat to increase their isolation and bring them into compliance (Ibid, 24). During his first term, President Obama chose to continue the Bush Administrations policy of direct, bilateral diplomacy in bowel movement to reduce North Koreas nuclear threat (Klingner, 2009, 1).This effort included enforcement of existing sanctions, expansion of the Proliferation Security Initiative and demanding North Korean compliance with U. N. Security Council resolutions regarding the dissolution of Pyongyangs nuclear program (Ibid). The US continues to use U. N. sanctions and diplomatic effort to reduce the nuclear threat North Kor ea presents. However, US policy does not focus solely on the denuclearization of North Korea. It also addresses other(a) issues North Korea brings to the international stage such as piece rights violations posed on the international front as well.Non-proliferation of nuclear weapons is usually considered the main focus of US policy towards North Korea however, issues such as North Koreas illicit activities and human rights violations are also of concern (Chanlett-Avery, 2011). The strategy of the Obama Administration is to influence North Korea to improve its human rights record by dint of international pressure and direct support via the North Korean Human Rights Act (Ibid, 13). The North Korean Human Rights Act (NKHRA) authorizes funds to support human rights efforts in North Korea and improve the flow of information to and from the country.It also requires the President to appoint a Special Envoy on human rights in North Korea. Additionally, it allows for North Koreans to appl y for asylum in the United States (Ibid, 14). As of 2011, relatively few North Korean refugees live in the US, but the program continues to aid the unhindered dissemination of information in North Korea through Korean language radio broadcasts funded through the NKHRAs $2M annual budget (Ibid). The ways and means of US policy towards North Korea require dedication, diligence and comprehensive confrontation using a combination of all instruments of national power (Ibid, 9).Nuclear proliferation may be the main issue between the US and North Korea, but it is not the only one. The US is also engaged with North Korea in effort to improve Pyongyangs human rights record and improve the way the North Korean government treats its populace. US policy toward North Korea has proven to be similar to dealing with an obstinate, attention seeking child and will require patience and willingness to use all instruments of power should there be no other alternative.

Is Google Making Us Stupid Essay

In the article of Is Google Making Us Stupid?, Nicholas Carr argues that the internet is changing the way our mind works and has some negative construct on our lives. In the article of Is Google Making Us Stupid?, Nicholas Carr argues that the Internet is changing the way our mind works and has some negative effects on our lives. The article begins with that the Internet is the excellent resource where we can find whatever we take for everything, and we ar becoming more and more dependent on it in the field of writing, enunciateing and so on. Afterwards, Carr claims that it has a large distraction on our mind, and we even cannot concentrate on a long variation material. As he said, technology is becoming more important than people. In the end, he also tells us that Google is trying to invent an artificial brain to replace our slow brains that we already have. In the article of Is Google Making Us Stupid?, Nicholas Carr argues that the Internet is changing the way our mind work s and has some negative effects on our lives. He views the idea that the Internet is an obstacle for individuals to think deeply, and it is rebuilding our mind and memory.As Carr said, nowadays, it is so difficult for him to focus on a long paper instead, he always spends a lot of time on the Internet. In the past, the writers like him should stay in the library to study for several days, but now, because of the Internet, it just takes them a couple of minutes. As Marshall McLuhan, a media theorist argued that although media provided us with a huge number of information and thoughts, it also rebuilt our process of thought. A study of online interrogation habits, done by scholars from University College London, shows that our ways of reading and thinking have a large change. From the study, it is obvious that users are using a new way to read instead of traditional sense they often do a quick view of titles, contents pages and abstracts to get the information they want rapidly, and they seldom read the analogous materials twice even though they have already saved them online. According to a developmental psychologist named Maryanne Wolf, when we read on the Internet, we have lost our ability to recognise the article, imagine from the article and think deeply without distraction by ourselves.As a result, we need to train our brains to translate the words we see into thewords we understand. Carr believes that our brains are malleable. Since we had the clock, we had started to schedule our time to eat, to work, to study, to sleep and to wake up by a clock instead of our senses. As the development of the technology, our concentration is being dispersed to lots media like TV, the Internet, the mobile phones, e-mails and so on. The Internets effect is more than the size of screen, and it seems to be more important than human. As Google declared that they wanted to make information more organized and convenient so that we can use them anytime and anywhere. Afterwar ds, we will absorb more and more resources faster and faster, and everyone will be a thinker. Indeed, Google makes our life simple. Nonetheless, Carr is suspicious of it, maintaining that we have lost a quiet area to think deeper and read dedicatedly. Finally, he considers that most people seem to be the machine. As Kubricks dark prophecy said, as we come to rely on computers to mediate our understanding of the world, it is our own intelligence that flattens into artificial intelligence. ResponseAfter reading Is Google Making Us Stupid? , I agree with Carr about how the Internet negatively influences our lives, and I start to be worried about my future. As we know, the Internet is more and more popular in the world, especially for our millennial. As the result of the advanced development of technology, we have to do a quick read or learn something as soon as we can in order to adapt in the environment. Due to the Internet, I can find anything I want so that it is more easily to get knowledge, and I am used to devoting less time and put less effort on study. I am becoming lazy to think deeper and to do much read, in consequence, my memory seems to be worse because the technology can help me to remember things and then inspire me of them. I have already realized that how much of distraction the Internet has. When I read a long article, I have the same tone of voice as Carrs that I cannot be concentrated on the reading, while I like to check my phones for many times or change to do other things. I spend much more time on Tweeter and Facebook, and I thought I knew everything of the world through the social media, but actually, I forgot to think of the news deeply and critically.Works CitedCarr, Nicholas. Is Google Making Us Stupid. 50 Essays A Portable Anthology. 4th ed. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2014. 91-101. Print.

Competency Based Recruitment and Selection

Title capacity Based Recruitment and Selection Theme Recent advances in commerce and prudence Introduction Competency for any credit line tail assembly be defined as a set of human attributes that enables an employee to meet the expectations of his internal and external customers and stake holders. We become generally observed that scarcely hard conk out, knowledge, sincerity towards work, and intelligence does not alone makes a person sensory faculty performer in his/her profession. There ar many other factors that truly help an individualistic practically in achieving success in do mull.For example we have observed that during our school or college days a star student who s subject matters maximum marks in exam may or may not be a good leader. Similarly to this a good batsman may or may not be a good bowler in the game of cricket. The only reason screw this to be a leader requires dissimilar set of competencies and to be a good bowler requires a different set of c ompetencies than for a good batsman. Thats why human qualities and attributes which makes a person suitable for his/her ruminate defines expertness for that busy phone line.A fitted manager is always aw be about different competencies that a person requires to perform the military control stiffly and efficiently. And on the basis of their knowledge about this they select and train their subordinates for that job. There ar many factors such(prenominal) are Social culture, work environment, nature of business, Organizational structure, responsibilities, nature of process and assigned activities, attitude and motives of management affects competency require for particular job.Competency ground enlisting and selection focuses on identifying those potfuldidates that shtup evidence those behaviorally defined characteristics which underpin desired performance in the role you are seeking. Competency based clement Resource Management A general objective behind hiring a earth- closetdidate to perform a particular job is to get that job through effectively and efficiently. In short all organizations strive to achieve excellence in whatever business they are.To achieve this goal it is very essential that the finished jobs are performed efficiently and effectively by all the employees. To achieve excellence in performing any job by an employee it is important that an employee should be competent to perform that job. Competency based Human Resource Management helps any organization in achieving in objective. Competency based human resource management is promising as best approach in growing and preserving competent human resources.Competency based approaches to human resource management have been create since psychologist David McClellands research on competency c at oncept. He is credited with launching the competency movement through the publication of his paper titled Testing for competencies earlier than intelligence, in which he suggested that academ ic aptitude and knowledge content tests alone cannot predict a high level of performance, but personal qualities, motives, get wind and behavioural characteristics can distinguish most successful from less successful individualsMeaning of Competencies The Treasury Board of Canada has defined competencies as the knowledge, skills, abilities and behaviours that an employee applies in performing his/her work and that are the key employee-related levers for achieving results that are relevant to the organization/s business strategies. Competency may be defined as The behaviourally defined characteristics which strengthen effective and superior performance. Its all about how the person should behave in order to achieve the objectives.According to Schroder competencies are personal effective skills which go away from more elemental specialized functional skills to the generic, person based higher level competencies. Competencies allow focus process-How things are done? not simply on o utcomes. Classification of competencies Core Competencies The Core competencies take those key competencies that all employees in the organization must possess to achieve its mandate and vision. These competencies describe in behavioural terms the key values of the organization and represent those competencies that are core to the organizations principal mandate. public life Stream Competencies The Career Stream competencies are those behavioural competencies that are common to the all jobs in the stream, and combined with the organization-wide (core) competencies, make up the suite of behavioural competencies necessary for success in the Stream. Technical / master key Competencies The technical/professional competencies tend to be particular(prenominal) to occupational areas, roles and / or jobs indoors the Career Stream, and include the specific skills and knowledge (know-how) to perform effectively within the jobs of the Stream (e. . ability to use particular software know ledge in particular professional areas such as finance, biochemistry etc. ). These competencies could be generic to the Career Stream as whole, or be specific to roles, levels or jobs within the group. These are the competencies some one must demonstrate to be effective in his job/role, task or duty. Thus these competencies are job or role specific and vary from job to job. A competency put can be use to develop specific job related competencies and come out with a competency dictionary.These competencies are organization specific as roles and responsibilities may vary from organization to organization even though the job title may be the same. Generally HR department of organizations is focused on developing professional competencies and evaluating the same during enlisting and selection process. This classification of different types competencies in not all inclusive its an open field of research. In summation to this, competencies can be classified as Personal competencies als o.Personal competency includes the various behavioral competencies apart from the knowledge and skill level of an individual. It includes personal attributes the like level of motivation, adaptability, developing oneself etc. It also includes interpersonal skills like relationship building, communication ability, openness towards change, cultural awareness etc. In addition to this we can define people management competencies like Leadership, Directing, team building capacity, capacity to work with a team, counseling people, providing motivation, knowledge transformation.A Competency model A competency profile or competency model is defined as a set of competencies and includes associated behaviours that link directly to the work to be performance, and the levels of proficiency for to each one behaviour. Competency profiles can cover a group of positions / jobs within an organization. I have certain following process to develop a competency model that can be used for the purpose o f delivering competency based recruitment and selection in a desired way.A Competency model is the basic marionette or competency based recruitment and selection. A Competency model tries to explain what and all competencies are required to perform different jobs in an organization. A competency model also tries to prioritize the competencies for different jobs. It describes these competencies in the form of indicators, which can be quantified. Each competency can be quantified on a scale on the basis of its relative importance with respect to each job. This serves as a reference for all competency management activities in the organization.Competency model is organization specific as each organization may have its own way of defining and quantifying competencies and competencies may be quaint for each organization. Procedure to develop standard competencies 1. First step is to identify the competencies to perform different jobs. Main source to identify these competencies are job comment and job specification. On the basis of that a specific competencies can be identified because these throws light on duties, responsibilities, tasks involved in the job. This will work out as basic list of competencies required within an organization. . Now the next step is to find out critical competencies for all jobs, prioritizing them and to give more significance. These core competencies can be find out through discussion with immediate supervisors for the job position. They are more aware of the different competencies required for performing job efficiently. It also includes brainstorming sessions with managers. 3. After finishing first two steps, the next is to develop the overall list of kinds of competencies required to perform a job. This includes both essential and secondary set of competencies.This can be further categorized job wise competencies also. With this step now we have a whole dictionary of competencies required. 4. erst the dictionary of competency is ready, now the next step is to prioritize and rate or provide weightage to different competency on the basis of its importance for the particular job. This will help us in quantifying competencies. 5. A model for developing standard competencies is now prepared. This can be used as a tool in competency based recruitment and selection by developing different tests to measure such competencies.Competencies are not static for any job. It is a very dynamic in nature. As the time changes and environment becomes more complicated, competencies required to perform a job also changes. Competency based recruitment and selection Recruitment can be defined as The process of surveying all sources of personnel, inside and outside the organization, to locate and attract the best come-at-able candidates for new or vacated positions. One of the most important problems in any organization is developing an effective recruitment and selection process which can recognize right candidate for a right j ob.Many organizations have already experienced the cost of selecting a candidate who is not competent for performing job although he is qualified and knowledgeable person. Competency based approach for recruitment and selection calls for more meaningful competency based job descriptions, more reserve job advertisements, better screening process, Specific competency based written tests like psychometric tests, Specific behaviorally based interviews popularly known as behavioral event interviews, tailored reference checks based on desired competencies of specific role.With the help of competency based recruitment and selection process it is possible to change efficiency of the job getting done in the right way, which leads to achievement of desired results. Following diagram explains the process of recruitment and selection based on competency. pic Identifying Recruitment Strategy team up Form a workgroup whose primary objective will be to develop a gap-closing recruitment plan for the company. The team should include Key Human Resources personnel. Staff who have knowledge and responsibility for day-to-day operations. Other work units as appropriate given your agencys size and organizational structure. Bringing together a Recruitment Strategy Team from different parts of the company offers a number of advantages Team members may have a variety of networking contacts. Team members may bring new perspectives that result in creative ideas that surface through brainstorming. Teams members may become more invested in the recruitment process and support/encourage involvement of their respective organizational units. Preparation of competency dictionaryDictionary for competency can be developed with the help of competency model discussed earlier. Defining competency based job profiles Jobs can be better described in terms of the competencies needed for performing the various activities demanded by the job. The competency based approach defines jobs in terms co mpetencies and this more flexible as rigid descriptions used in traditional job descriptions resulted in employees performing strictly defined tasks. Recruitment and selection methods will have to be based on competency based job profiles. character analysis can be a better means of developing competency based job profiles. Role descriptions are more effective in identifying job related competencies and thus developing competency profiles. The competency based qualification standards can be based on whole person competency based approach, and characterized by more assessment options and easy to quantify and hence evaluate. . Recruitment Advertisement A good advertisement is one which can bear the candidates the exact needs of the organization in terms of the basic job related competencies which are necessary for performing the job competently.The exact competencies for each job are available in the competency dictionary and this can be used for advertising purpose to tell possible candidates what knowledge, skills, and attributes they must possess to be able to apply for the job. Competency Tests Psychometric tests are psychological tests which can provide useful information about a wide range of competencies of an individual like abilities, aptitudes, values and skills, and can function as a scientific aid in selection. These tests are based on person-job fit concept.Psychometric tests are used for several applications like selection, promotion, transfer, placement, and potential appraisal. Different types of psychometric tests can be used are Personality tests, Occupational interest, Ability test, Value frame test, etc. Competency Interviews A Competency Based Interview is a structured series of questions aimed at eliciting evidence of a candidates behavioural fit against specific job-related competencies. In competency based interviews, behavioral focused interviews are used.In behavioral focused interview, the underlying philosophy is that the past behav ior is the best predictor of future performance. These types of interviews are generally characterized by questions that relate to specific behaviours which have been found to be linked to successful/superior performance on the job. Candidates are not asked to describe how they would respond in a particular situation or event that is, they are not asked for hypothetical thinking and responses. But they are asked to describe what they have done, what behaviours they have used, in a certain situation or event which has occurred in the past.Interviewers halting the candidates response to a question once they have heard sufficient evidence of the candidates competency. A Competency Based interview process will allow for evidence based information which can then be verified with a candidates referees. Competency Reference checks Competency based reference checks the competencies that a candidate has actually exhibited in the past. The information can be obtained from the previous employ ers or the educational institutions from where the candidates have passed out.Reference checks can be designed in the form of a questionnaire which can be used to obtain information about the candidates previous performance levels or capacity to exhibit competencies when needed. Selection of the candidate & Training and Development Plans On the basis of the reference checks and other competency testing we can now select the right person for the right job. Once the candidate is selected further plans for knowledge can be prepared on the basis of the competencies required for meeting future changes in doing the job. ConclusionFrom our discussion it is clear that competency based recruitment and selection can be more effective in selecting right candidate for the right job to enhance organizational efficiency. Thus organizations need to develop a competency model which can be used as standard yard stick for implementing competency based recruitment and selection. This can not only red uce the cost of hiring the people but also enhance productivity significantly by building human resources as per the exact needs of the organization in complex business environment.AuthorNishant C. Mehta Lecturer, Shri H D Gardi MBA College, Jamnagar road, Nyara, Rajkot, Gujarat. Phone +919227227501 Email emailprotected com Identify the Recruitment Strategy Team Preparation of competency dictionary Defining competency based job profiles Recruitment Advertisement Selection of the candidate Competency Reference checks Competency Interviews Competency Tests Employee Training and Development Plans

Perspectives and approaches to management theory Essay

1. wherefore is it important to understand the different perspectives and approaches to perplexity theory that have evolved throughout the history of organizations? Management is forever and a day changing. It changes over time to meet new bespeaks. if we know what happened in the past (WHAT WORK/ WHAT DIDNT) WE WILL be able to understand the present and plan for the future. almost ideas from the past (stock ownership, open book management) atomic number 18 still relevant to management today. it is also important for us to understand the evolution of management beca office it allows us to check out from the mistakes made by others, so as not to repeat them and use the success in order to use them at the appropriate time.2. How do societal forces influence the practice and theory of management? Do you think new management techniques argon a response to these forces? Social forces deal with the society. The people in the society their beliefs, culture and needs. so new managemen t techniques are a response to these factors because management is always evolving to meet new needs of society. 3. Based on your experience at work or school, de-scribe some ways in which the principles of scientific management and bureaucracy are still used in organizations. Do you believe these characteristics volition ever cease to be a part of organizational life? Discuss. Scientific management and bureaucracy are still use in organization today, for example we are still operating in a bureaucratic way when it comes to the education sector in Belize. There is the primary(prenominal) boss and we always look up our bosses they are the single authority figure. In system work is assign and authority is clearly defined.4. A management professor once said that for successful management, studying the present was most important, studying the past was next, and studying the future was least important. Do you agree? Why? Yes I agree to this statement because if we know what has occurre d in the past, what work well and what didnt we testament be able to learn from the mistake made by others and use there success as a spring board to our success. The future is most important because it is the situation were in now, if we know what work we will be able to make wise discussion in the present and plan smartly for the future. 5. Which of the three characteristics of learning organizations do you find most harmonic? As a manager, which would be hardest for you to adopt? Why? The characteristic that I find most appealing is the aggroup based, I find it appealing because it deals with team work employee work hand in hand to get the task done. As a manager I would find the employee empowerment most uncontrollable because here it unleashing the power and creativity of employees by giving them the freedom, resources, information, and skills to make decisions and arrange effectively do believe that it could at times become coatic and would bring almost many conflicts.6. As organizations become more technology-driven, which do you think will become more importantthe management of the human element of the organization or the management of technology? Discuss. I believe that the management of technology is more important because in the world around technology is advancing day by day and we need to keep up with it. Technology helps in some many ways it makes life easier and speeds up work as a takings allowing you to meet organizational goals quicker 7. Why do you think Mary Parker Follets ideas tended to be popular with business people of her day, but were ignored by management scholars? Why are her ideas appreciated more today? In the days of Mary Follet management was done the old way, where there were strict rules and procedures. A task was given to you and you were to get it done without asking questions or saying anything. Now Mary Follet view that workers should analyse there job for improvement because they are the one that will do the job so they should know the high hat way to improve the job. This is now heading towards modern management that while her ideas are wide appreciated today.8. Explain the basic idea cardinal the contingency view. How would you go about identifying the key contingencies facing an organization? The basic idea underlying the contingency view is that there is no one set way to organize. Managers should analzie there situations well because what work for someone else may not work for them. They need to identify patterns and characteristics and find a stable solution 9. Why can an event such as the Hawthorne studies be a major turning foreshadow in the history of management even if the idea is later shown to be in error? Discuss. The Hawthorne studies can be a major turning suggest in history of management because i believe this is where the shift towards mother management began. The focus was now on the individual It was discovered that employees behaved differently because they were handl e differently. The strict manager was not there but a motivating one instead so the employees perform better.10. Identify the major components of systems theory. Is this perspective in the beginning internal or orthogonal to the organization? Explain. The system theory composes of five components Inputs Transformation Process Outputs Feedback Environment. it take input such as resources and finance from the external environment turns it into output product or service through the transformation process and the gives feedback. 11. Do you think management theory will ever be as precise as theories in the fields of finance, accounting, or experimental psychology? Why or why not? Management theories will neer be precise. We live in an ever changing world and managers are force to keep up with it so there are times that they will need to adapt ne strategies to fit their situation. People are always finding new ways to do things and no one way is best so i believe that it would be an on -going process.12. To what degree do you think that effective control comes from within the individual worker, or do workers need rules, rewards, and punishments to perform effectively? Explain your reasoning I believe that we should start adapting new management where team work is key. Rules, rewards and punishment are part of old management. i believe effective control comes from within an individual because if your happy with what you do you will do it to the best of your ability. On the other hand is youre in a bureaucratic system you will just get the job done because you need to.

How bad leadership affects organization Essay

Jean Lipman-Blumen defined blighted attractionship as, A toxic leader is one who engages in numerous destructive behaviors and who exhibits certain dysfunctional personal characteristics that inflict some degree of serious harm on either individuals or the organization. (Bad Leadership Antecedents and Prescriptions) Where in that respect is a bad leadership present in the organization and workplace, this could lead to harmful consequences. For example, accidents, loss of productivity, cost ineffectiveness, low quality of product, conference gab, employees absences, industrial sabotage, etc.However, reasons for poor leadership could land place from a number of reasons such as leaders who possess poor leadership skills. And this could motivate employees, co-workers and not surprisingly, leaders as well. In addition to this, leaders with insufficient skills may be worried with their own problems and may slow down to each one business activity within an individuality or group. A research study has revealed the fact that inadequate leadership skill signifi stoptly affects on another(prenominal) coworkers and in illuminate member of the organizations.Because of poor leadership skills of a leader, an organization may suffer from pessimistic work views, lack of vision towards the companys early goal, shortage of qualities to motivate workers, lack of social skills, and lack of inspiration. Obviously, leaders are nonrecreational to solve problems and not just to hold them. Thus, leaders are paid to provide good leadership which results in the achievement of a companys goals. Kevin Dwyer, Poor Leadership Poor Results 2006, said that, Leaders must take it upon themselves to make it happen.Shuffling off responsibility for action to committees, subordinates, government departments and forever bemoaning the lack of action is not good enough. Leaders are in the stead of being able to both diagnose the ailment and treat the ailment of an organization. If they wo nt do it, who will? (Dwyer, n. d. ) Communication is considered the life blood of e rattling(prenominal) organization. Hence, lack of conversation leads to negative outputs. Besides this, a leader who possesses poor communication and social skills can be harmful for a company.Because of poor leadership, communication often fails and this leads to several work mistakes and unwanted business expenses. For productive business operations, it is important that leaders should be equipped with great communication skills which can be applied in the organization in hunting lodge to achieve a companys desired objectives. In other words, Robert Hogan, Gordon Curphey, and Joyce Hogan wrote in American Psychologist that opprobrious and incompetent management create billions of dollars of lost productivity each year. (Stanford trade Magazine May 2006).More than 290 professionals were taken into consideration in a regard conducted in the period from 2004 to 2005. This survey revealed what seemed to be a murky spot among best planners and their own management & leadership skills. It is a fact that planners spend to the highest degree of their work time in planning and summarizing things for future. In the study, they found that in most of the cases, poor leadership dumps a companys boilers suit planning. Or sometimes even worse, poor leadership hinders planners for producing new ways of problem solving.In addition, Business Corporations seldom get success where leaders do not know how to solve a particular problem. According to one survey, if an organization pays an average leader $80,000 a year, that leader should bring back at least that amount of value to the organization otherwise, the person could be considered a losing investment. Ideally, leaders return more than what they are paid, thus producing profit. Past studies have shown that there is virtually a 40 percent deviation in performance for a given role. So, an average leader might be worth $80,000, a gr eat leader worth $112,000 (+ 40%), and a poor leader worth $48,000 (- 40%).(Cost of Poor Leadership Calculator) Psychologically speaking, workers and employees who perceive their leaders abusive, experience psychological distress, boredom, increased work conflicts, lower levels of commitment towards the companys goals and objectives, depression, lower production outputs, low levels of job satisfaction, decreased individual running(a) capabilities, and so forth. And consequently, in the presence of these above mentioned findings among employees, it seems very difficult to achieve organizational goals in a timely manner.According to another study conducted in the UK about retail banks, the average high street bank could increase sales by ? 65 million per year by improving employee satisfaction by just 10 per cent and almost half of the 44,000 people surveyed said that poor leadership was adversely affecting their organizations performance. Steve Young, Project conductor at ISR said t hat, Leadership is an area that is really letting organizations down when it comes to employee commitment, while a quarter of employees blamed either a bad working climate or low work enablers, a half blamed poor leadership. (Poor leadership pushes down banking profits) In poor leadership, employees morale declines and they feel slight committed towards the company and its mission. In this dilemma situation, projects are completed slowly and hastily. In addition, when employees morale is down, they experience boredom. Some Suggestions for Good Leadership In order to run the organization in an effective and competitive way, management makes an outline about the leadership strategies. Moreover, they should not also watch poor leadership scarce also eradicate the roots of poor leadership.In this regard, the following are some points that can be used by any management to ameliorate a leaders qualities. 1) Quietly undermine the leader 2) link with others to confront the leader 3) link with others to overthrow the leader 4) Avoid entrapment by friends and family members 5) jump out the term of leadership 6) enhance the selection process 7) Create good exit options for leaders 8) Hold directors in charge make them act 9) make a system of checks and balances 10) Protect whistle blowers. Despite all these facts, a poor leader should evaluate him or her and determine his weakness and pitfalls in each and every respect of the leadership.And following are guidelines for it 1) know your designer and how to use it 2) welcome the worth of leaders and cherish the assistance they make 3) recognize the seductiveness and drawback of the power of leaders 4) Study bad leadership to learn from the mistakes of bad leaders. Conclusion As I discussed above and gave several examples about good and bad leadership, it makes very clear that a companys success and failure depends upon the fact that how leaders can lead a team to achieve an organizations motives.Historically speaking, leaders have a significant effect on the overall business and group performance of an organization. Besides this, good leaders can apply their superior leadership skills to make things better and to turn organizational goals in the right direction. On the contrary, bad leadership affects a companys performance negatively in terms of production, employees morale, ethics, communication and many other things. So, it is the responsibility of the management and the director to keep a check on the leaders role in the organization for the sake of that organizations success.Hence, a good leader makes a significant difference in the successful operation of any organization regardless of the scope of that organization. However, we must not forget that superior leadership is not just confined to the business sector. strong leaders are also necessary for the peace of the whole world in every sense.References A good leader offers reality check, thank yous The Business Journal of the Greater Tr iad Area http//www. bizjournals. com/triad/stories/2004/04/26/smallb3. html Accessed, April 9, 2007.Bad Leadership Antecedents and Prescriptions http//72. 14. 253. 104/search? q=cachenBXXeIOGawEJwww. koreagsis. ac. kr/bbs/pds/Bad%2520Leadership%2520Colloquium_1. ppt+bad+leadership+effects+organisation&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=20&gl=pk Accessed, April 9, 2007 Cost of Poor Leadership Calculator http//www. ddiworld. com/imex/greatleadervalue. asp Dana Hinders, (Published June 21 2005) Michael Useems Leading Up Upward Leadership In Action How To Lead Your Boss So Your Both Win Journal Article Dwyer Kevin , Journal expression Poor Leadership Poor Results.Emcc Transforming organisations the importance of leadership and culture in managing change http//eurofound. europa. eu/emcc/content/source/eu04006a. html? p1=reports&p2=null Accessed, April 9, 2007 Jeffrey Pfeffer and Robert I Sutton, (2000), journal article, The Half-Truth of Leadership. Stanford Business Magazine May 2006 http//www. gsb. s tanford. edu/news/bmag/sbsm0605/feature_leadership. html Accessed, April 9, 2007 McLean Cari, October 18, 2005, journal article, strategic leadership A superior state of mind.Tsun-yan Hsieh and Sara Yik, Journal article, Leadership as the scratch Point of Strategy Poor leadership pushes down banking profits http//www. management-issues. com/2006/8/24/research/poor-leadership-pushes-down-banking-profits. asp Accessed, April 9, 2007 What is Leadership? http//72. 14. 253. 104/search? q=cacheq_XTVWqb68QJwww. med. umich. edu/csp/Course%2520materials/ do%25202005/Thorson_What%2520is%2520Leadership. ppt+definition+leadership&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=6&gl=pk. Accessed, April 9, 2007.

Theories of Crime: Comparisons and Contrasts

The causes of crime are still in truth not known. There are many different theories and perspectives on why crime make its. However, even with all(prenominal) of the studies and perspectives on crimes committed, it appears to me that the causes of crime are only high-risk. Biological Theory The biological theories primarily study the carnal constitution and endocrinology. They are a precise good example of the theories that have not really certain any practical support.The misunderstanding of these theories has caused a stereotype that if a person is a criminal because he or she was born as a criminal and any steps taken in order to change or to influence them are useless. Biological theories are only a recrudesce of and one of the interpretations of criminality entirely not the only ones. In the present time, there is no imperative evidence of the fact, that the physical constitution and other biological factors cause criminality.Nevertheless, these theories have a right to exist and there has been a curing of important in radiation diagramation that is used in terms of the development of criminology as a science. The most vivid example of the biological determinism is the theory of Cesare Lombroso. Lombroso based his theory on the guess that criminals have certain physiognomic features or abnormalities. The origin of scientific criminology is usually traced to the research of Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909). Behavioral Crimes While or so may not agree with me, I believe some people just commit crimes.A lot of these people were brought up in violent homes, had parents who were not good examples such as, taking rocky do drugss, abusing their children, leaving their children alone for long periods of time and so on. True fact I grew up with a actually abusive father, who ended up killing our mother. I was one of nine children, all of whom were crush grotesquely everyday and for no known cause. Certainly, we all grew up being adults as children (i. e. , protecting severally(prenominal) other, always living in a survival mode) and we were terrorized on a daily basis.However, that having been said, my brothers and sisters and I tried, and for the most part, succeeded in actually growing up, necessitateting sociably acceptable jobs, and we never committed a crime. We were blessed in the fact that, after we were older and were making our own money, we were able to seek reveal counseling and other avenues to overcome the terror that we all grew up with for 18 years. Our mother died at the very young age of 49 and because of that, she was taken away from us on September 1, 1980.Looking bottom on it, we all know that our father was basically men in height(predicate)y ill, denying or even thinking, he had an indisposition and he was just a very angry person and very jealous of our mother, who was a very beautiful, kind, loving (of all people) person. He resented the fact that he had children (which he let us know a lot every da y). I believe his violence and temper where a cause of possibly some form of schizophrenia and just plain selfishness. Nothing was ever positive to him.However, when he got drunk, which wasnt very often, he became the nicest person on the planet. We children used to say to each other that we wished we could keep him drunk all of the time. I believe his actions were based on a biological and behavioral imbalance. The Cognitive Theory Another full- qualification event. In July of 1991, while attending law school, I was on my way to classes and had to take the train to get there. While parking in an outside space, a young man (who was 6 3 tall and built just like a grown man) came up and put a gun to my header and told me to drive the car.He beat me brutally, and kept telling me to start the car and drive. Skipping over a lot of detail, it came down to where he almost choked me to death and I knew I was dying. Not to sound fanatical, but I said a prayer as I was dying and somehow, I got this superhuman strength and beat the heck out of his head and was able to escape from my car. In the end, he was caught within 10 transactions and had seven (7) felonies against him. He was sentenced to a Maryland State Penitentiary for 20 years and had to serve each felony on a concurrent basis.The reason for his attack on me was that he was being initiated into a bunch and that was his initiation. He had to kill a female. As he came up clean on all drug and alcohol tests, it turned out that he was the son of the drug cartel Noriegas chauffer. He was very angry at his mother for divorcing his father and therefore, decided to become a gang member. He may have been looking for acceptance, or just a way to vent his anger. That would be another speculative case. However, I believe his crime was based on the cognitive theory.

Social Attitudes towards Transport

Traffic police bring in a selected amount of land to cover through with(predicate)out the region. Their role is to cater an emergency response, Reduce road bang casualties, Minimise disruption to the allay flow of relations, provide any possible assistance and reassurance to road users, Provide specializer support services to the force and Ensure that the division makes the most efficient use of only its resources.In completely the traffic machines the patrol cars present been primed(p)ted with specially designed suspension and brakes to oversee with the extra load and the varied and demanding conditions they be exposed to.Motorcycle officers also save a specialist role in thepolicing of major public events, such as football matches,and providing a police musical accompaniment for VIPs. They co-ordinate roadworks, facilitateing complaints and monitor local collision trends.Rapid Response AmbulanceRapid response ambulance is specify to attend emergency incidents, id eally within eight minutes of notification. The Trophy Yellow estate cars, with discolour reflective Battenburg livery, incident equipment carried on the vehicles allow ins oxygen therapy, cardiac defibrillators, entonox, maternity and paediatric pack, burns bag, cervical collars, splints and number one aid bag. Plans for major incidents, site maps, body bags, triage cards and contacts for agencies and hospitals are also carried. Additional special items include the light roof bar, radio communications and a reverse-decal Ambulance livery on the bonnet and RESPONDER on its tailgate.These cars arent stationed at the hospital they are located in areas close to the region boarders making their response conviction a lot quicker. Their role is to attend emergencies, be runner on the scene and aid injured muckle. some(prenominal) services are required to attend incidents within a short period of time. To be competent to make these deadlines, they are both authorized to use their s irens and lights to make other(a) road users aware that they are responding to an emergency. In many cases both rapid responses are linked together. If theirs an RTA the rapid response would be first on scene that would then get the ambulance service called out if anyone is injured. The rapid response ambulance may birth that call if its within their area, which would attend and wait for ambulance to attend from the hospital to take casualties to hospital.Criminals target vehicles,New cars are automatically fitted with some style of device attached immobiliser, tracker or alarm. The ideas of these security devices are outlined beneath.Immobilising system, which is automatically activated when the ignition key is removed. The demeanor it works is the device transmits a radio-frequency signal every time the engine is started, sending a different password to the system. Insuring the car cannot be started any other way without the key. Electronic engine immobilisers prevent your ca r from starting and are the best way to stop thieves. machine alarms can deter thieves from not only stealing your car, but also taking items from it.Older cars are criminals prime targets due to the lack of security protection fitted to them.Steering wheel locks are a cheaper election to engine immobilisers use them every time you leave your car.Locking wheel nuts easy to fit and stop thieves from taking your wheels. Have your car registration number or the last seven digits of your fomite Identification Number etched onto all windows, both windscreens and your headlamps. Mark all your car equipment, like your car stereo, with your vehicle registration number.Having any of these security measures reduces the attractiveness of the car to thefts.Analysis of makers lieu whilst travelling on the roads.Due to no one having the same characteristic everyone is different, with his or her own style of driving technique. With this in mind population tend to act differently on the roads. Road warmth is the biggest form of drivers attitude on the roads and they arent necessarily the person behind the wheel either. People speeding, acting irresponsible and schemeetary behaviour of others on the roads can cause road rage.Older citizens push the blame onto young citizens for the way that they drive, younger citizens reverse the blame. There are business population who due to road rage drive more dangerously and faster blaming traffic and deadlines as their excuse. Parents who want to pick children up, but formalism park near schools due to heavy congestion around the school.There are people who drive for living truck drivers, van drivers and public transport drivers who are consistently on the roads, that travel through all the peak times of the days.There are the rush hour periods during the day that make everyone less(prenominal) tolerable to waiting calmly.Speeding is mostly influenced by other people speeding, thinking if they can bunk the limit then so ca n they, which causes many other problems on the roads.After researching speeding I found that in Northampton there was a work shop for people who had broken the speed limit, where people can analysis there own behaviour on the roads. After the workshop results showed that92 per penny of respondents who had been on a Speed Workshop state that they were now more likely to keep to the speed limit.Of those who had received a speeding ticket, but hadnt been on a Speed Workshop, 53 per cent of respondents verbalize that it was not acceptable to exceed the speed limit. After the Workshop, this increased to 78 per cent.http//www.norpol.com/safetycamera/newsstart.htmDrink driving in England is unacceptable especially around the Christmas period where more than the average drink. The UK legal limit for drivers is 80 mg of intoxicant per 100 ml of blood but there is no failsafe guide to the amount of alcoholic beverage that a driver can safely consume. The amount and type of alcoholic drink, the weight, sex and metabolism of the driver all play a part. But any amount of alcohol affects driving skill. A motorists ability to judge speed and blank space may be impaired, their reaction times may be slowed and their opinion of risk seriously affected.Advice from the drink-driving site has given this structure for drinkingImmediately sooner driving work force should consume no more than 4 units, women no more than 3When drinking the night before driving Men should consume no more than 10 units, women no more than 7. (This assumes that no alcohol is consumed after 11.30 pm, and that driving does not take place before 8 am the following morning)Cambridge county council have published that in the last three years there have been 324 drink drive accidents involving termination and injury.Drink driving may cause the driver not able to judge the speed and distance accurately the driver may become more over overconfident whilst driving endangering other road users.With all the se people on the roads, there is no wonder so many people are bear on in accidents. Accidents can also be caused by peoples personal preferences. A driver may like to drive slower than the person in the car behind due to not feeling confident on the roads or just being cautious.Many drivers on the road dont have passable breaks during travelling that could make the driver tired, irritable and likely to become a danger to themselves and others.Business people travelling in their own car are likely to have mobiles in use, without hands free or microphone the drive by law has to stop where safe and answer the call. As this is tall(a) event to happen most people fit attachments in the car to prevent committing an offence.Parents with children should to prevent the driver being distracted, entertain children with some sort of music or equipment that will entertain the children while in their baby seats or whilst they are belted up in the back seats.Using this sort of attitude whilst m aking a journey will decrease the chance of a common traffic offence and in case of an accident reduce the chance of critical accident.(Ref 1)(Ref 2)(Ref 1) Poster on tiredness I did a surveyed on ten people asking what they do during long journeys, pentad people said they dont stop but tend to differ the speed, play music and have sweets in the car. cardinal people said that they stop every two hours at a pre-selected break while the other three said that it depends on the weather and whether they know where they are going.After showing the poster to the five that dont stop, the drivers have changed their opinion and have agreed to wither stop for a stretch, swap drivers if able to and plan their journey that stop every hour to two hours.(Ref 2) Poster on mobile phones whilst driving, proves that people arent multi-skilled that heart and soul driving and victimisation a mobile will divide there attention running higher(prenominal) risk of an accident.Surveying the same ten p eople that I did for the tiredness poster, I asked how many have their mobiles switched on and how they would deal with the driving if theyre mobile started ringing.Three people said that they dont have their phone on at all through journeys. Two people said that due to the nature of the business that they have hands free kits and one person said that their company installed a microphone set to turn away missing calls whilst on the road. Four people said that they would only use there mobile whilst posing in traffic or when they are driving on roads that wont cause the driver distraction.After showing the poster and asking them to read it out, they found it very hard and took a a few(prenominal) seconds to work out that the transcript was engaging two different statements. After this experiment, all of the drivers that I surveyed that said that they would at least get some equipment installed in their car to cancel causing accident.Even using hand free kits and microphones arent advised, but they arent against the law and they have reduced the amount of accidents. Not everyone can avoid using their mobile whilst travelling due to their job but this does reduce the amount of accidents for the time being.

Commandment Relation to Christ-like Love Essay

The commandment I choose which displays three attributes of Christ-like love is the 8th commandment, one thousand shall non fall away.The first type of Christ-like love that the commandment Thou shall not steal displays is desiring what is the best for others. Stealing is something that is real wrong. For example, if someone is angry at someone, they might express their anger by stealing their retention. This is not right. soul can just approach the person they are angry at, and tell them how they feel about the situation. This is a good deal better for others instead of stealing.The second type of Christ-like love that the commandment Thou shall not steal displays is that it is an emotion and decision. Stealing is a decision that is made when people go through various types of emotions. Some emotions overwhelm anger, frustration, mad, stressed, etc. When someone feels like this, they might feel like stealing someones belongings . By making the decision not to steal, it wil l make someone feel a varied type of emotion. They will feel proud because they know that they are doing the right decision instead of doing something bad. Nevertheless, this is wherefore the commandment Thou shall not steal is an emotion and decision.The third type of Christ-like love that the commandment Thou shall not steal displays is walkway away from harm. Depending on what is stolen, it can be considered a crime. Nevertheless, anytime of stealing is wrong, no matter how valuable the item is. For example, if someone stole a top from The Gap store, it is considered a crime. In addition to this wrong crime, if someone steals a pencil from a teachers desk it is just as wrong. Even though the pencil isnt as valuable as a top, any type of stealing causes harm. When walking away from this, it saves harm for both the stealer and the victim. Both people will not be involved in any type of stealing situation when showing the Christ-like love of walking away from harm.

Globalization and Technology Essay

Friedman explains how 10 ingredients, he c altogethers flatteners which has inadvertently brought virtu wholey a in the raw spheric caper environment. The first flattener is the Fall of the Berlin surround, where Friedman explains how on 11/09/89 the Berlin Wall came down and exposed the continents into peerless globalize trading land. Friedman explains ab come in six months after the Berlin Wall Falling the Windows Operating System data processor chip exploded and launched the begin era of internet PC rotary motion. He calls this era The Fall of The Walls and the Rise of The Windows. Explaining how the Wall stood in the government agency of globalization. Six months after the Wall Fell the Windows Operating System 3.0 shifted and created a single graphical interface. The second flattener was the date 08/09/95 having an immense impact which I recall is a milest unitary in the muniment of our technology growth and its repercussions was when Netscape, a internet browser ( which is a drop box that is illustrated on computer screens giving a outburst of availability to the internets world wide web of schooling and created an open highway with no speed limits), went public.As Netscape became available to all peck at their feel tips it played a key roll empowering individuals with massive kernels of information and helped commercialize and set open standards, evenly facilitating all of the worlds mess with virtually the same chance of opportunities for growth. This phenomenon is greatly indicative to the rest of doubting Thomas Friedmans flatteners and their implications, good and bad, on human kind necessityly defining what he meant with the literary argument The World Is even. The Netscape browser brought the internet to life and gave us the .com boom creating a bubble of nutty crazy investments which facilitated the fiber eye boom. Friedman explains how an overinvestment of 1 trillion dollars in five years into fiber optic cable inadverten tly connected the world through the internet. Which lead us to the Workflow Software, the third flattener where all the software programs and standards that connect PCs with bands of cable to let add to flow, much(prenominal) as Microsoft Word.These events fountain a technology revolution, which virtually connected everyones application to everyone elses application. Creating a clean global curriculum where Friedman finds this era as a collaboration of platforms, flattening the world. This platform marks the end of a new pedigree as Freidman describes The Genesis Moment. Freidman explains how this Genesis moment fueled a network connecting tribe to great deal, companies with companies, quite a little with companies and much people with more different places and so. Thus, starts the emergence of Freidmans theory The World Is Flat. This new platform is based on a collaboration of the following six flatteners. Starting with the quaternary flattener in which Friedman labels as Outsourcing was built round the Y2K fade. Outsourcing was the product of collaboration which allows departments of large companies to work out of State, and more so, to work out of our coun furnish. This collaboration aided companies to disaggregate a good proportion of their business processes and source it out to everywhere around the world at a lesser equal than it would have otherwise cost here in the US.Outsourcing gave way for companies to take advantage of high skilled laborers with low-cost wages, utilizing them as vehicles for companies to kick upstairs profits and develop an exponential boost of trenchant efficiency by tremendously improving their overall end product and operations increasing profit margins. Although, m any American companies probably did not stop to dismantle the repercussions of their gains. The 5th flattener is Off Shoring, which is built around China joining the World Trade Organization. Off-shoring is pickings an entire factory and physically moving it from the U.S. to a foreign country and integrating into global production operations. The 6th flattener is Open-Sourcing where the writing of Linux was created. Linux is a computer operating system program and is the biggest competitors to Microsofts operating system program. This new operating system Linux was created by a collaboration of computer scientists on the internet who demanded no money for their efforts allowing this free program to be downloaded by anyone who turn overks it out.Linux is the biggest competitor to Microsoft whereby under exquisite Microsoft, Friedman emphasis, how it would be hard to bet zero. Supply Chain is the 7th flattener which is built around Wal-Mart, as Freidman stated, represents the construction of a hyper-efficient, down to the last atom of efficiency global supply chain of operations. Wal-Mart successfully capitalized on MIT (management information technology). An example is where as you take an item off a Wal-Mart shelf in one cit y, that item will immediately be in production in China. Surprisingly, Wal-Mart doesnt cause anything, scarcely has successfully held itself as the biggest American retail party by innovation of a global supply chain to the last atom of efficiency. In-Sourcing is the 8thflattener. UPS, an express package delivery service company capitalized on in-sourcing by taking over internal logistics of companies such as Toshiba. This way of business is not an easy situation but can successfully be done by normal calibration company set-up where UPS will repair a broken item of Toshiba products. UPS virtually creates and operates a replication of Toshibas repair center.Toshiba agrees to pay UPS to operate this repair services for their guests in which UPS delivers the repaired product back to the original customer where Toshiba never touch their own products. The 9th flattener is where Friedman describes as Informing examples are Google, Yahoo, and Microsoft search engines. These informing tools allow you to cooperate yourself with unlimited amounts of data, information and resources. Informing is a way where we as individuals can collaborate ourselves with information. The 10th flattener is what Friedman calls Steroids. This is wireless technology, voice over the IP, and advances in computer microchips and storage capacity. He explains how Steroids basically turbo charge all nighttime club of these new forms of collaboration and make it so you can now use anyone of these advances from anywhere through any device. These ten flatteners support each other and converged into a single global web enabled platform.Without plan these events of overlap overlapped and complemented each other, working together with multiple forms, melting any worlds gaps and virtually carry all people together closer than ever before. Friedman summarizes the flatteners by explaining how three convergence of technology organisation the 10 flatteners are as followed 1st Convergence Global ization 1.0 where the world compoundd from Large? to Medium and the gene of this global change were through countries. Globalization 2.0 where the world changed from Medium? to Small and the agent of this global change were through companies, markets and laborers. Globalization 3.0 where the world changed from Small? to Tiny and the agent of this global change were not countries or companies but individuals and small groups.Where individuals world wide, now have access and the ability to facilitate, embrace, and empower themselves individuality with any proficiencys they may desire. This global change has flattened the economic playing field geographically through time, outstrip and language providing the opportunities of capitalism and its byproduct is competition world wide for all people of the world. Essentially, this defines ThomasFriedmans meaning of The World Is Flat. 2nd Convergence The need for adaptation of our new flat world habits where resources, rather it be in wrought or synthetic, are more evenly distributed among all living people of the world therefore resulting in a negative amount of resources allocated for each Americans norm income level. Friedman tells a detailed personal story when he experienced the flatten world describing how he at one time lacked new information and therefore failed to take advantage of attaining his airplane flight boarding pinch the night before starting at 1201am. Other passengers took advantage and utilized their resource tool of new technology where customer service provided by Southwest Airlines internet we2 site. Even approximateing other passengers on the same airline flight as Thomas Friedman was able to receive their airline-boarding pass the night before the flight.Allowing the other passengers more free time before having to arrive at the aerodrome and not having to stand in a waiting line. According the Friedmans writing, we as Americans would have to influence to count the world from a di fferent perspective, understanding and accepting competition will increase and we may get less for our dollar in the near future. Friedman called this process where people will have to horizontalize themselves. He explains when the world goes flat the value increasing is not created vertically, in single sections or companies, but is increasingly created horizontally by who is collaborated with what companies, inside and outside your company and/or companies you buy from as consumers. People having to horizontalize them selves and to think very different about how we collaborate within firms and with other firms in order to reach new value creation.An example is when computers became available to the average consumer and businesses, people had to adapt to a very different oeuvre and work habits in order to collaborate with the new technology. 3rd Convergence Freidman states the last convergence is since all of this globalize collaboration been accruing there was a massive quite pe rfect storm was being created 3-billion people who were out of the game walked onto the playing field of trade and consumerism from China, India and the former Soviet Union. Freidman recognizes that approximately lonesome(prenominal) 5% of those three billion people can plug in and play after calculating the song it turns outs to 150 million people, which equal the size of the American workforce today. Freidmans main argument of his loudness is the triple convergence of the tenflatteners that are flattening the world, the convergence of a whole new way of doing business is much more horizontal rather vertical including three billion new players. In general, Thomas Friedman finalized his argument by emphasizing the world is flat and Im here to tell you that everything we called IT revolution these last 20 years, was just the warm-up act that has been the sharpening and the distribution of the tools of collaboration.Now you are going to see several billion people increasing quickly learn how to use and apply those tools across a whole new range and forms of collaboration. I agree with much of Friedmans theories and the flatteners he chose to describe the extreme important impacts that affect our IT revolution world to at which the state it is in today. Freidman chose these events as milestone, where I would add emphasis on the importance of the sequential pattern of the flatteners events in which they transpired. Much through comminuted chance the sequence of events our technology growth and it processes just fell into action, rather for better or for worst, it was stand out to happen. And if you ask or so Americans if they think we should have not had the opportunity in attaining these advance technology leaps, I would prognosticate that or so people would not forgo these gains for anything less regardless of the repercussions. I believe the most important flattener is 08/09/95 when Netscape went public because it opened an express highway of doors of op portunities with no speed limits, in my opinion, having one of the greatest technological improved impacts on human kind by immediately and direct ever-changing our standard ways of living and increasingly potential capabilities.When Netscape became public it gave us a huge stepping-stone of advancement connecting the people of the entire world to each other. This change gave way for all of the other leaps of events to unf old without such a change Friedmans other collaboration could not have taken place in the matter in which it did. This technology metamorphosis has allowed people to work from their homes, communicate to family members that are out of the country, and instill themselves with tons of information. I agree with Friedman in that learning to love learning are important elements miss from our cultures view of education today. People must know that learning is never ending. in that respect is always some skill or fact that is unknown that can be learned, but only if t hat person has a desire to learn. Even though children have the greatest opportunity to gain knowledge, many an(prenominal) children do not take advantage of it. They should palpableize that learning is constant and that education is very powerful. Although I do not agree with Friedman in that learning to love learning is most important elements our hunting lodge is missing from our cultures view of education.I believe first and foremost public schools from 1st grade all the way to BA degree with in a university should be facilitated and paid for all American children with governmental taxes. National health care and wage insurance can help people survive while they are unemployed. Basically, we Americans should go back to the basics in that our society should enforce (good old fashion morals) basic conduct that reflects morals and respect utilizing integrity anything we do. The opposite is true in which we allow the media and forms of other public exposure to report stories with exaggerated facts and/or information that adversely affects our childrens view of themselves and everything around them. Should we go back to basic traditional teaching where in the beginning of childs education building a strong foundation in our childrens life incorporating strong work ethics including a strong sense of pride in the all work and accomplishments attain.I believe if these foundations are bestowed within our childrens lives, the results will give them empowerment, enabling and encouraging our children in the right way of life so that, when needed they can educate, empower, enable, and encourage themselves in becoming the most efficient individual collaboration. grounds this way of life and incorporating these values within our daily lives utilization of fewer resources. Americans must acknowledge that we may have to learn to live with fewer luxuries and learn to be more conservative with natural resources but not necessary having to accept a weaker economy for the sake of it. There is a limited amount of natural resources available at any given time on earth and after these natural resources are evenly divided out per individual, the amount per individual is very small in size. Therefore, I do believe Americans should start adapting to new ways of living and consume fewer resources per individual.Many people may agree with my belief that Thomas Friedman failed to emphasis, what I call individual re-shapers where Americans should re-evaluate (re-shaping) their morals, integrity, honor and trust and try to incorporate these ideas within the intra-structure of American families, public schools, public facilities,communities, cities, states, agencies, government, services, products and companies of the United States. If Americans would utilizes the same amount of time and investments, monetary and non-monetary, within our society moral values as whole and start new policies that will complement our global changes. These changes can initiate with my extremely important idea of individual re-shapers by developing and morally growing in a positive direction for the better good of all people around the world as a whole. Some individual re-shapers are technological advancements within public schools, which is essential for success and may have exponentially increasing our standard of living and helped improved most Americans general life by starting with our children.Another individual re-shapers is restricting the media to mislead or avoid the real truth of WORLD NEWS and not allow political groups or public positions and agencies to utilize rightfulness suites and avoid addressing real society moral problems of the American people. This can facilitate our country to be effective in a continuous society that morally develops at a rate parallel to the repercussions of technologies developments. The most important knowledge I have acquired from Thomas Friedmans book The World Is Flat is the check mark of my own personal beli efs as well as my personal career plans and professional development that incorporates and utilizes my command of honor and integrity in whatever I do in my life, rather it be a branch manager overseeing many employees, and/or a wife and mother (in which I believe is one of the hardest but important jobs a person can hold) raising children that reflecting the same, if not better, code of conduct in their life.