Meaning of Apathy

Apathy involves slew either cosmos content with their current posture and the world around them, or being ignorant to those same surroundings. indifferent citizens of any landed estate stub cause the foundations of clubhouse to crumble because these multitude think everything is well on the surface, when in actuality, it is non. A society stand go from having economic success one day, to being in a depression or even revolution as a nab out of apathy. The way to combat apathy in society is for the authorities to domesticate plenty on what their policy-making system and its policies are.If people knew more virtu altogethery their politicos and their specific policies, they would want to get involved in changing society in order to benefit themselves. They would realize that whoever is elected to office, whichever it might be, affects their lives some(prenominal) indirectly and directly. As a result of the entire universe of discourse acquiring involved in the g eve rywherenmental system of his or her nation, society would be able to continually change so that it could maintain economic success, depression unemployment rates, and e fictional character.Change is necessary for a society to stay healthy, and as Goldstone express in his essay Revolution, Social and semipolitical change is non a problem. Social change is an ongoing in just close to societies A society that is stagnant often suffers from a social order that is as well as stable. Without change, a change society can non make progress or solve social problems such as poverty and extreme dissimilitude (Primis 181). If society does remain stagnant, then economic success can function to an apathetic population, and this can temper to repression, and eventually to revolution.The best way to analyse and analyze the apathy in society is to look at the suffrager turnout rates from year to year. By investigating ballot, one can turn back through percentages and numbers precisely how involved people are in politics. When the economy is doing well, as it is today in the United States, voting numbers usually decrease because people rifle apathetic, and they are less concern about changes that might affect them. Due to the fact that some people are ofttimes dampen off financially than they ever take a leak, they become less interested in politics and more interested in spending their well-earned money.It is when people begin to suffer economically that they become more involved with politics because they smell that a change in the position quo is necessary for them to escape whatever economic recession they are in. sometimes people get sick with all the lies and promises that come out of politicians mouths that they become apathetic towards voting. Rather than give one of these politicians who are hardly seen as the better of two evils a right to vote, they choose not to vote at all.Their frustration with their choices results in them fair apathetic and in his essay Toward A Theory of Revolution, Davies says that revolutions need both a period of rising expectations and a succeeding period in which on that point are frustrated qualities (Primis 205). Thus, a period of economic success, followed by the population being frustrated with its political figures, can ultimately lead to a collapse in society. This apathy then results in people sightly too content with their current status and they then ask fewer questions, and this can cause foundations to crumble.The cycle then continues, with apathy leading to ignorance, and this can result in people blindly following the status quo, earlier than examining the issues. Then, before these non-voting citizens bop it, at that place will be revolutionary imagels floating(a) about society. As long as the country continues to be economically successful, and the people view one candidate as too interchangeable to the opposition, then people will continue to be apathetic because they feel the choices are not really choices at all.Apathy not only results from contentment and frustration, but withal from ignorance. Democracy is something everyone learns as early as kindergarten. When the teacher asks if it will be kickball or dodge ball at recess, the majority usually wins. It is an easy lesson for a 5-year-old to learn, as is raising your slip by for what you want. However, one of the most simple and necessary elements of a re world is the belief on active participation in the government by a majority of the population. If the participants are not influenced to be active, the system fails.By educating students and the usual about the value of the system, the education system could help combat apathy. The usage that college graduates are looked upon with more respect than the less educated has ended. How can the questionable higher educated members of society gain any respect when most graduates are unable or unwilling to participate in a ritual of our nati on? The problem is that traditional education, that included more intensifier study of government, has been replaced by a system that increasingly focuses on engine room and skills training but whitethorn be failing in educating full(a) citizens.A higher education should be more than job formulation it should be a continuing desire to improve and guarantee the quality of life for coevalss to come. With a lack of knowledge in politics and democracy comes the myth that one vote does not make a difference. some unsalted adults acquit no faith in the system, therefore they do not vote due to the feeling of disappointment that their vote does not matter. How often do you hear young adults say, I did not vote because I dont feel as if my vote would count. Others are disenchanted with the political system because voting in the past never produced results.However, young people today need to realize that one voice does make a difference. In addition, if more young adults took an in terest, politicians would be forced to listen. For example, financial financial aid is one of many issues at hand in recent political campaigns. If politicians continue to cut student aid, some young people may not have a chance for a college education. Thus, young adults essentialiness have faith in the system and increase the number of young voters. Otherwise, politicians will continue to cater only to the involve of the older generation that is voting them into office.The two largest voting publics in the United States are precedential citizens and the college aged groups (Gherry 328). Ironically, it is the senior citizens who are the more politically informed, and who vote in the greatest numbers. These statistics support the contention that the youth of America are becoming less informed about the process and necessity of voting, and are also more apathetic about the true significance of voting. As Americans, we must do something about voter apathy because not only does vo ting allow us to be active in the political process, it enables us to fulfill our civic duty and exert our political influence.Contrary to public opinion, every vote makes a difference in this process and it may not seem like it, but if more people began to vote, they would unimpeachably get noticed. Ironically, the last presidential election should have supported the idea of voter significance, yet served to create more apathy because of the post-election mess that occurred. many a(prenominal) people now feel the popular vote did not manage supreme, and that the voting system itself was shown to have more problems than was previously thought. To let our representatives know what we want, we must also exert our political influence by being politically active. How can we do this?We can vote in state, local, and subject field elections, lobby to persuade our representatives to vote a certain way, and write earn to our representatives about policy issues. Of course, there are opp osite ways of being politically active to me, these are the most effective. One thing needs to take place, and that is educational awareness of the political system and its impact, pure and simple. A good way to start getting votes out would be to have the majority rules method of voting. If you could just see that your vote made a difference in the election of the president of your nation, it would make you want to vote again.If the nation would listen to the educated people of the country instead of sense of hearing to the media, then the nation would be a whole lot better in terms of economics, welfare, war, and our society in general. In my opinion, we the people of this nation do not care about these campaigns that are putting the other candidates down, we just want to hear the good things about what they can do to better our nation. There is not anything that Americans hate more than liars and back stabbers. By getting the vote out, we voice our opinions on important issues.B y dynamic in the political process, we fulfill our civic duty. By exerting our political power, we impart into being our government policies. The best way to get involved in our political process is to vote, so people have to get out there, get registered, and go vote in the next election. Voter apathy has lead to a dangerous situation in American politics. People have not listened to the issues and have therefore been left with candidates who seem to be all the same, only with different magniloquence and different levels of charisma.Most people when questioned about their vote related that they were more against Gore and the Clinton administration than they were for Bush, and the reasons were more over moral appearance than policy making. The simple fact that during the past intravenous feeding years the country has experienced unprecedented economic growth, yet the incumbent administration was narrowly voted out, signals a public more concerned with the behavior of its leader s in the bedroom than their political policies.Bush represents the status-quo as much as Gore does, and the recent election really only revealed a public split between two candidates whose only difference seemed to be that one was aligned with his predecessor who had fallen from public moral grace. In order to have more clear-cut choices in candidates and over issues, there must be a movement in the United States to bring political education back into the classroom. An uninformed, politically uneducated public is a dangerous one because that public easily becomes apathetic.Yet, it is the public that has allowed candidates steeped in rhetoric rather than issues to continue to hold office. This cycle is one that needs to be broken, and it is not going to be broken by those currently in office because they naturally want to keep the status quo going. It is the future voters, and voters from ages 18 to 30 who must start taking an active interest in our political system, become aware of the issues and the process, and care enough to see that voting intelligently can and will make a difference in our countrys future.

Learning-centered Organization

In todays learnedness-centered business environment, counseling is gradually shifted from individual performance and competition to a more than pleasant relationship, towards beingness cooperative and grammatical construction excellent performance through team up effort and coordination. These seemingly group-oriented diagnostics of the new business environment have commence the thrust of MITs Organizational Learning Center, which specializes on the creation and development of compositions to fit acquisition organizations.This program proposes a radical change using a simple approach by shifting the members linear spots from being individualist to being collectivist. This proposal is simple in that a learning organization should admit the values of coordination and cooperation- commandly, collectivism-in order to induce this radical change in perspective.In Senge and Kofmans article, Communities of Commitment, they explicated the roots of the creation of and necessary requirements for a learning organization. In it, they in addition introduced the analytical model called the Galilean Model, which effectively explains and illustrates the core principles that every learning organization should be and have.This paper posits that the pursuit for a learning- centered organization, i. e. building communities through organization-based commitments, require a deviation from the norm of todays business organizations, which are primarily individualistic and competitive, to being collectivist and cooperative for the success, mainly, not of the individual, entirely of the organization or community. One of the important findings from Senge and Kofmans analysis was the use of the systems perspective in explaining the importance of collectivism, cooperation, and principles of the Galilean model.As explicated by the authors, the systems perspective allows organizations and its members to scarper from the primacy of pieces to the primacy of the whole, from a bsolute truths to coherent interpretations, from self to community, from problem solving to creating. This passage adequately described the differences between an individualist and collectivist character of organizations. In individualistic organizations, central in it is the individual, wherein the high-performing individual is determined through competition among opposite individuals/members.It is also centered in conducting decision-making processes through a more general manner, rather than taking into consideration a problem and solutions effects not only in the operations of the organization, but the members themselves. Since the individualist character of organization has prevailed for a long time since the introduction of modernism, this is a tradition that cannot be easily changed and replaced, especially with a contradicting character such as collectivism.This is a challenge particularly difficult among highly-individualistic societies, wherein individuals have high se lf-reliance and independence. Thus, the authors importune a truth that must be accepted by separately member of the organization, in order to recognize the importance of learning and cooperation to learn, we neediness to acknowledge that there is something we dont know and to perform activities that were not good at. nevertheless in most corporations, ignorance is a sign of weakness transient incompetence is a character flaw.Thus, through learning, members learn to accept the reality that ignorance and temporary incompetence impart always be present it is the role of the learning organization to remedy this problem through the learning-centered management, or by adapting the systems perspective. Systems perspective is reflected in the Galilean model, which subsisted to the following principles and characterized as follows (1) the primacy of the whole (2) the community disposition of the self and (3) language as generative practice.In the first characteristic of the learning o rganization, giving primacy to the role of all members of the organization, brought out the importance of members works together to achieve a goal or objective. It is through working as a team or group that decision-making processes become more efficient and effective, since the problem is regarded by not only the perception and mental picture of an individual, but other individuals as well, who may have a different way of looking at the problem and creating a solution to it.The minute of arc characteristic of the learning organization, according to the Galilean model, is that there should be a cultivation of an us rather than me attitude. That is, the individual should learn that a task, in order to be pure(a) with the highest timberland and time efficiency, cannot be accomplished by him/her al angiotensin-converting enzyme there must also be one or more individuals making sure that the task is completed with quality and efficiency.It is through this process of coordination t hat work is performed efficiently, and individuals learn about their capacities and limitations as members/employees of the organization. Lastly, communicating and interaction among members is an imperative endeavor that must be pursued in a learning organization. Keeping communication lines open allows members to determine how tasks are accomplished, and should problems arise, they will be able to identify immediately at what point the problem occurred in the process of completing the task or activity at hand.

Gun Laws Essay

The Second Amendment in the coupled States Constitution gives people the business to keep and bear arms. The Second Amendment has been understand in many ways, and its limitations and what it controls take away been questioned. The question that arises all over and over once again is that will stricter grinder laws ready the United States safer or more perilous. The firmness of purpose is clear. With lack of ordnance control and that black market guns ar at almost every street corner whether you think it or not. Guns are a very dangerous weapons, and the United States has to create stricter laws in secernate to operate and obtain them in order to protect the public.Stricter gun laws would better the criminal justice system. For example, a national registry which contained finger belief and gun information would allow for the bullets at a crime guessing to be traced back to the owner. The only way to get guns off the streets is for political relation to take action and for laws to be put down. The goal for stricter gun laws is simple. It is to make it harder for dangerous people to get their hands on guns, improving the rubber eraser of guns, and regulating the sales of guns at gun shows and on the streets.The debate over gun control has continued for many years. In 1939 there was an historic case, United States vs. Miller, which dealt with the Second Amendment. In this case the supreme court was asked to square off whether or not the Second Amendment saved Millers reform to not register a sawed off shotgun. A sawed off shotgun is a shotgun with a shorter barrel therefore it shoots turn up slight accurately but more spread out with the same tycoon as a regular shotgun. They are very dangerous in particular in smaller places. During that time the Supreme appeal believed that the Second Amendment protected those who had weapons for military use only. As a result the Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment did not protect Millers rig ht to own a sawed off shotgun because he did not have it for military purposes.Gun control opponents deny that federal policies keep firearms out of the hands of high-risk persons rather, they argue, controls often create burdens for law- abiding citizens and infringe upon underlying rights provided by the Second Amendment. Some argue further that widespread gun ownership is one of the best deterrents to crime as well as to potential tyranny, whether by gangs or by government. They may also point out the notion of enhancing federal, as opposed to state, police powers.So what these gun lovers pauperization to do is defend their homes from those they feel threaten them and use guns for protection. The NRA also says over and over again that it will cost tax payers millions if the number of gun sales drop. Is there really a price for saving lives?

Organizational Theory and Designs

CHAPTER 1 ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS 1 classify 1 LECTURE OUTLINES CHAPTER 1 ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS TEACHING OBJECTIVES 1. To gear up an brass instrument and explain how it creates abide by in leash stages input, conversion, and output. (1. 1) 2. To discuss wherefore validations exist and how they achieve goals collectively. (1. 1) 3. To describe organisational surmise, how compositions function, and revive to system of rulesal friendly expression, glossiness, and formula. (1. 2) 4.To sight how organizational number servings a companionship gain a rivalrous advantage, deal with contingencies, like diversity, join on efficiency, increase innovation, and effectively suffice intensify. (1. 2) 5. To expand the consequences of poor organizational initiation and loss of crack over organise and subtlety. (1. 2) 6. To discuss the three salutees of evaluating organizational metier remote resource, internal systems, and expert procession. (1. 3) 7. To distinguish surrounded by official goals and operating goals. (1. 3) CHAPTER SUMMARYThis chapter discusses organizations, organizational theory, and the importance of organizational design. An organization is a tool for individuals or groups to accomplish goals. An organization creates comfort at three stages input, conversion, and output. Organizations exist because people working unneurotic to produce goods and profit create more grade than those working alone. Organizations may exist to increase specialization and the division of labor, to use large-scale technology, to tweak the external environment, to economize on transaction make ups, and to exert condition and control over employees.The components of organizational theory be structure, culture, and design and change. organisational design helps a whollyiance gain a emulous advantage, deal with contingencies, eff diversity, increase efficiency, and increase innovation. Poo r organizational design results in company disinteg proportionalityn, including layoffs and difficulty in attracting resources. organisational potence should be heartbeatd jibe to a managers orders of control, innovation, and efficiency. The external resource, internal systems, or proficient approach measuring stick effectiveness and official and principal investigator goals.Difficulties arise in measuring effectiveness even if s stickholders run through shargond goals. An organization moldiness select the crush way to achieve goals. Organizations are requireed by the environment, technology, and processes. The technological environment entails innovations in merchandiseion processes and modern products. CHAPTER OUTLINE 1. 1 What Is an Organization? An organization is intangible it toilet non be touched or felt. persuasion of an organization evokes its product or service. The name Anheuser-Busch evokes the word beer, not wherefore the company provides beer or how it c ontrols employees.An organization groups people and resources to provide goods and services to PHAM HOANG HIEN CHAPTER 1 ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS receive a need. Entrepreneurs begin with the idea of solid a need then collect resources to outfit that need. 2 cogitate on pertly Information Technology Amazon. com, Part 1 Amazon. com shows how Jeff Bezos maxim a need and created an organization to meet it. Q. What prodded Jeff Bezos to start Amazon. com? A. Recognizing the opportunity to chassis an online bookstore, Bezos started Amazon. com to meet the need of computer owners.An online bookstore could offer a larger and more versatile selection, an online catalogue, an easy search capability, and book reviews. Bezos organized resources to meet the need for a new bookstore. Notes_______________________________________________________ __________________ ____________________________________________________________ __________________ _________________________ ___________________________________ __________________ How Does an Organization Create abide by? The shelter creation process acknowledges input, conversion, and output. (Fig. 1. 1) Q What are some inputs a company needs to provide a product or service?A. Inputs include humane resources, raw materials, capital, money, and information. The value created depends on how a company selects and acquires inputs. Inputs are alter into outputs at the conversion stage. The value created depends on the quality of an organizations skills and its ability to learn from the environment. The conversion process results in an output, a consummate good, or a service. Sales revenue enhancement buys more inputs, so the value creation cycle continues. The value creation cycle is use for non-profit- qualification and manufacturing organizations and service companies.Q. What are the inputs, conversion processes, and outputs at McDonalds? (Fig. 1. 2) A. The inputs include meat, fries, employees, and capital, much(prenominal) as cooking equipment. The conversion process entails cooking the nourishment. The outputs are sandwiches and fries. wherefore Do Organizations Exist? People working together to produce goods and services create more value than people working alone. (Fig. 1. 3) Organizations exist To join on Specialization and the Division of Labor In an organization, individuals concentrate on areas of expertness and render more specialized.An railway locomotiveer concentrates on one part of the engine and this specialization creates value. To make use of Large-Scale Technology Technology enables organizations to achieve economies of scale, represent savings through large-volume production, and economies of scope and cost savings when underutilized resources are divided up. To monitor the remote Environment An organization has the resources to monitor and manage the external environment, economic, political, and social factors plus suppliers and the commercialis e. PHAM HOANG HIEN CHAPTER 1 ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESSTo Economize on exertion Costs An organization roll in the hay reduce transaction costs and expenses associated with negotiating, monitoring, and politics exchanges between people and can control exchanges. To Exert Power and encounter Organizations exert pressure on employees to conform to task requirements through employment, promotions, and rewards. Employees who wear out to meet organizational needs can be fired. These factors create stability, deed over skills to develop, and increase value creation. Notes_______________________________________________________ _________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _______________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ 3 1. 2 What Is organizational speculation? organisational theory is the study of how organizations work and how they impact and are impacted by t he environment. Organizational theory relates to organizational structure, culture, and design. (Fig. 1. 4) Organizational structure is the statuesque apparatus of task and countenance relationships. complex body part controls the coordination of activities and employee motivation to attain goals. Structure essential be continually esteemd.Organizational culture, a set of shared determine and norms, shapes and controls behavior in an organization. Q What determines culture? A. People, ethics, rights, and structure of the organization develop culture, which can vary widely among organizations that provide similar goods in the said(prenominal) environment. Coca-Cola promotes cooperation and has devoted employees, whereas Pepsi has a competitive culture and high turnover among managers. Organizational design is the process by which managers select and manage aspects of structure and culture so that an organization can achieve its goals.Organizational change is the process by w hich organizations move from their present pass on to some desired future state to increase their effectiveness. Organizational discernment 1. 1 Oppo pose Organizing Approaches at orchard apple tree and Dell Computer People who start new organizations may neediness the skills necessary to effectively design the organization. The Apple Computer utilisation illustrates this well. Q. How do these deuce suits illustrate the importance of proper organizational design? PHAM HOANG HIEN Notes_______________________________________________________ _________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _______________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ CHAPTER 1 ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS A. Although Jobs stated he had little desire to manage the day-to-day operations of Apple Computer, he desired more power as the organization grew and began intervening in the day-to-day operati ons, which caused problems. Michael Dell, on the early(a) hand, understood how heavy a well designed organization was, and created a structure centered on participative management, involving employees in decision making, and was not as hands-on s Jobs. Notes_______________________________________________________ _________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ The Importance of Organizational Design and Change Organizational design helps a company deal with contingencies, achieve competitive advantage, manage diversity, and increase its efficiency and ability to innovate goods and services. Dealing with Contingencies A happening is an event that might occur and must be understanded in planning.An organization can design its structure to increase environmental control. Structure and culture are tools to respond to the complex global environment and changing technology. Structure can make employees aware of the environment. Gaining Competitive Advantage Good organizational design offers a competitive advantage. Competitive advantage emerges from ticker competencies, value creating skills, and abilities. Managers formulate strategies, specific decisions, and actions that use core competencies to create a competitive advantage.Organizational design implements an organizations strategy and serves as a core competency because it is difficult to imitate. Although technology can be duplicated, structure and culture develop over succession, making them hard to imitate. Organizational design must be continually evaluated. 4 Notes_______________________________________________________ __________________ ____________________________________________________________ __________________ ____________________________________________________________ __________________Managing Diversity The workforce has become more diverse wit h people of many another(prenominal) national origins working for the same company. The workforce is aging. An organization must design its structure to maximize its diverse talents and to develop a culture that fosters cooperation. Promoting Efficiency, Speed, and Innovation Organizational design can increase efficiency. Companies must compete with low-cost producers globally and grocery new products and processes. Organizational design makes a firm more innovative. An entrepreneurial culture fosters innovation.The Consequences of Poor Organizational Design Organizational design affects company mathematical process, yet employee roles are often neglected until a crisis hits. One reason for decline is a loss of control over organizational structure and culture. knowing employees leave, acquiring resources becomes difficult, and the value creation process slows down. Managers are forced to change elements of structure and culture that derail strategy. PHAM HOANG HIEN CHAPTER 1 O RGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS Notes_______________________________________________________ ________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ meet to discussion question 2 here to emphasize the connection between organizational theory and structure, design, change, and culture. ____________________________________________________________ _____________________ ____________________________________________________________ _____________________ 5 Organizational Insight 1. 2 Redesigning AOL clipping WarnerThis shows the difficulty in provideing to merge two organizations that have really diametrical structures. In addition, it shows that regardless of the structure, environmental factors often tactics a role in the success of an organization, as evidenced by the implosion of the dot. coms. Q. How were the two organization s different from a structure standpoint? A. Time Warner was very hierarchical in nature, while AOL was used to the fast-changing environment of the IT industry. Q. What did Pitman do to try and reorganize the two companies? A.He created teams of both(prenominal) AOL and Time Warner managers, barely make AOL managers responsible for taking the lead, as they were more accustomed to brining new products to market quickly. 1. 3 How Do Managers Measure Organizational Effectiveness? Researchers see immemorial management tasks as control, innovation, and efficiency. Control means dominating the external environment, attracting resources, and exploitation political processes. Innovation entails developing skills to discover new products and processes and designing adaptable structures and cultures.Efficiency involves developing modern plants for rapid, low-cost production, fast distri furtherion, and high productiveness. The External Resource Approach Control Using the external resource approach, managers evaluate a firms ability to manage and control the external environment. A. Indicators include stock price, profitability, return on investment, and the quality of a companys products. An classical factor is managements ability to observe and respond to environmental change. Stakeholders value aggressiveness and an entrepreneurial spirit.Organizational Insight 1. 3 Ups and Downs at Mattel This flake illustrates the importance of both understanding client needs, and adapting the organization to meet those needs. Q. What mistake did Mattel make in trying to satisfy customer needs? PHAM HOANG HIEN Q. What indicators evaluate control over the environment? CHAPTER 1 ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS A. The skills needed to rapidly develop new products was not present in the company that they purchased. They also underestimated the need to update their core products.The Internal Systems Approach Innovation Using the internal systems approach, managers e valuate organizational effectiveness. Structure and culture should foster flexibility and rapid response to market changes. Flexibility fosters innovation. Q. How is innovation measured? A. Innovation is measured by the time needed for decision making, production, and coordinating activities. The Technical Approach Efficiency The technological approach is used to evaluate efficiency. Effectiveness is measured by productivity and efficiency (ratio of outputs to inputs).Productivity gains include increased production or cost reduction. Productivity is measured at all stages of production. Q. What productivity measures could a service company use? A. Service companies could measure sales per employee or the ratio of goods sold to goods returned. Employee motivation is an important factor in productivity and efficiency. 6 Organizational Insight 1. 4 Improving Efficiency at FedEx and UPS This case is a good illustration of the importance of continuously evaluating and updating technolog y. A good class discussion can vagabond around the verificatory benefits of advanced technology.Consider for example, the increased efficiency of these two companies as they affect consumers. Measuring Effectiveness Organizational Goals Organizational effectiveness is evaluated by both official and operative goals. Official goals are the perfunctory mission of an organization. good goals are specific long-term and short-term goals that direct tasks. Managers use operative goals to measure effectiveness. To measure control, managers regard market share and costs to measure innovation, they review decision-making time.To measure efficiency, they use benchmarking to compare the company to competitors. A company may be effective in one area and unable(p) in another. Operative goals must be consistent with official goals. Notes_______________________________________________________ _________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ______________ __________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ tinct to discussion question 3 here to emphasize the approaches to evaluating effectiveness. ___________________________________________________________ ________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ 1. 4 The platform of This Book PHAM HOANG HIEN CHAPTER 1 ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS Figure 1. 5 shows how the diverse chapters fit together and provide a model of the components involved in organizational design and change. Notes_______________________________________________________ _________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _______________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________ The Organizational Environment. The main source of uncertainty is the environment. An organization must design its structure to ha ndle relationships with stakeholders in the external environment. Chapter 3 presents models that reveal why the environment is a major(ip) source of uncertainty. Organizational Design. Chapters 4 through 8 examine the principles on which organizations operate and the choices unattached for designing and redesigning their structures and cultures to match the environment.The same basic problems occur in all work settings, and the social occasion of design is to develop a structure that go out respond effectively to these challenges. Organizational Change. The ternary part of the book deals with the many different issues involved in changing and redesigning organizations. Included in this are different change processes, such as restructuring, reengineering, and innovation management. 7 Notes_______________________________________________________ _________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _______________________ __________________________ __________________________________ ________________________ word QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. How do organizations create value? What is the role of entrepreneurship in this process? Value is created at the input, conversion, and output stages. At the input stage, value depends on how an organization selects and obtains the inputs certain inputs create more value than others. At the conversion stage, value is a function of employees skills, including learning from and responding to the environment.Output creates value if it satisfies a need. Entrepreneurship is important to value creation by recognizing a need, gathering inputs, and transforming them into a product or service. The value creation cycle will continue if customers are satisfied profits will generate inputs and improve the conversion process. Organizational theory is the study of how organizations function, impact, and are impacted by employees and society. Organizational theory deals with the whole organization. Organizat ional design entails decisions about structure and culture.Structure is the formal set of task and authority relationships. Culture is a set of shared values that influence behavior. 3. What is organizational effectiveness? Discuss three approaches to evaluating effectiveness and the problems of each approach. PHAM HOANG HIEN 2. What is the relationship among organizational theory, organizational design and change, and organizational structure and culture? CHAPTER 1 ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS 8 Organizational effectiveness is the ability to use resources to create value it includes control, innovation, and efficiency.The external resource approach evaluates a companys ability to obtain scarce resources and value skills. Indicators include stock prices, return on investment, and market share. These indexes are compared to competitors indexes. However, this approach fails to consider organizational culture and structure. The internal approach reviews the organizat ions ability to innovate and respond to the environment quickly. Some measures include the distance of time to get a product to market, decision-making speed, and coordination time. This approach does not consider costs or the external environment.The adept approach reviews an organizations ability to use skills and resources streamlinedly. This approach considers neither the environment nor structure and culture. It is important to evaluate an organization in all three areascontrol, innovation, and efficiency. 4. Draw up a list of effectiveness goals that you would use to measure the performance of (a) a fastfood restaurant and (b) a school of product line. Answers may vary slightly. A fast-food restaurants goals will differ from a business schools goals because a school is a nonprofit organization. a) Some goals used to measure effectiveness at a fast-food restaurant are as follows get off the cost of meat, fries, and drinks Lower the cost of labor Improve the quality of the food and the skills of employees Increase profits, stock price, and market share Satisfy government requirements on sanitation and fair labor laws Reduce employee conflict Speed up the time it takes a customer to get served Find more efficient ways to produce the food Increase employee motivation by crack bonuses Increase the quality of the food by ensuring that it is not too fatty and that it is hot when customers receive it Minimize the number of wrong orders (b) A business schools goals may be the following Attract high-grade faculty and savants Maximize revenue from tuition and fees Offer scholarships Attract revenue from organizations and alumni Gain the support of the local community Reduce conflict assure that learners are prepared for jobs Respond to changes in the environment by eer updating the curriculum Encourage coordination among faculty from different departments ORGANIZATIONAL hypothesis IN ACTION PHAM HOANG HIEN CHAPTER 1 ORGANIZATIONS AN D ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESSPracticing Organizational Theory Open Systems Dynamics Small groups of students design an organization from an open systems spot (1) They determine the input, conversion, and output processes. (2) They identify environmental factors with the greatest impact. (3) They determine the best measures to evaluate the organizations effectiveness. 9 The Ethical Dimension This reckon will be found at the end of each chapter. The purpose is to help students understand the many ways in which organizations can help or harm people in the environment. The first example asked students to examine doctors and hospitals, and the role of ethics in this environment. List examples of these ethical and unethical behaviors. This is a complicated question because there are so many different systems in the health-care environment. Students may draw upon their own experiences with doctors, good or bad, or the discussion could shift to how insurance companies, Medicare, or the l ocal community play a role in the ethical behavior of doctors and hospitals. 2. How do these behaviors relate to the attempts of doctors and nurses to increase organizational effectiveness in the ways discussed in the chapter? Or, to attempts to play along their own self-interest? This question serves as a good example of why organizations exist.Make sure the students understand that all organizations attempt to increase their effectiveness, not just for-profit corporations. Another interesting discussion might revolve around defining and discussing what pursuing their own selfinterest really means from both an ethical and a practical standpoint. Making the Connection Also at the end of every chapter this exercise encourages students to look through newspapers and magazines to run across an example of a company that is dealing with some of the issues in the chapter. The assignment for this chapter is to find a company that has helped or harmed a stakeholder group. ANALYZING THE OR GANIZATIONEach student selects a company to study throughout the semester. Each module requires the student to collect and analyze company information for a report to be submitted at the end of the semester. Students can choose an organization like IBM or GM and find articles in magazines, on the Internet, or contact a local company. The report answers the following questions what is the organization, what does it do, how does it create value, who are its stakeholders, what are its major problems, and how does it measure effectiveness? Other issues such as technology or rivalry may be included. CASE FOR ANALYSIS Kinkos New Operating Structure Kinkos Inc. as the largest retailer of copying stores, but it had to change its operating structure in response to competitive pressures from ready(a) Copy and OfficeMax. Kinkos had an informal management process and difficulty managing growth. The founder, Orfalea, used franchising to launch PHAM HOANG HIEN CHAPTER 1 ORGANIZATIONS AND ORGANI ZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS growth, but this approach did not assist Kinkos in controlling costs or up customer service. Consultants recommended centralized control and a set of internal authority relationships. 1. What were the problems facing Kinkos managers? 10 Kinkos structure was too decentralized, making it difficult for top managers to implement changes rapidly.The structure was informal with decisions left up to Kinkos franchisees, and no sharing of ideas on customer service. 2. What steps did managers take to solve these problems? Kinkos centralized operating systems such as acquire and finance to reduce costs. Kinkos developed a more formal organizational structure. It may take time for the store owners to relinquish control, but this structure should help Kinkos to respond more quickly to competition and develop consistent procedures and services to meet customer needs. TEACHING SUGGESTIONS 1. pick up students to explain the models in the chapter and give examples. Models ca n be assigned in advance. Use discussion questions during the class by dividing students into small groups or pairs and allowing 57 minutes to prepare answers, which are then shared with the class. 3. Use role play to measure organizational effectiveness using the three approaches. One student is a manufacturing manager who evaluates performance using the technical approach. One student is an R&D manager who uses the internal systems approach. The third is a corporate manager who uses the external resource approach. Stress that performance is evaluated based on control, innovation, and efficiency. 4. Ask students to look the at the Amazon. com web site (http//www. amazon. om) and discuss how Amazon satisfies a need. Have them compare this to competitors that have surfaced, such as Barnes & Noble (http//www. barnesandnoble. com). 5. To make sure students appreciate why organizations exist, have them give examples in class of when organizations have not served them well. Common exampl es include long lines at the grocery store, poor service at a restaurant, etc. Try to help them re-frame their examples in the context of the course material, such as specialization or the conversion process. This is a good method for getting the students to understand the overall value of the material throughout the semester. PHAM HOANG HIEN

Case Study Of Westminster Company Essay

thither are three alternatives which come to stead for consideration by the Westminster Company in terms of logistical adjustments. The commencement of all option would be to consolidate its wareho purposes. The second option is to make use of state-supported warehouses and the tercet base option would be to have private warehouses. on the whole the options have advantages and disadvantages which should be considered before a decision is made on the best type of warehousing that should be adopted by the company. carcass desegregation for the Westminster Company would topic in easy gain of economies of transportation. This is because it would be easy to gather truckloads to and from the centers of distribution. This willing lower both the customer weight as well as the transfer be. The effects of warehouse consolidation have some abundant impacts on the be of transportation. Firstly, it would reduce the instrument carrying costs. This will be as a result of the reducti on of gemination of effort and use of better facilities. There would also be an onward motion on order fill rates. This will be achieved because the inventory will distributed from fewer locations of storage.Moreover, the number of freight transfers needed to meet the demands of the customer would be considerably reduced. System consolidation would therefore result in great savings in terms of costs. A nonher advantage of using the fused governance is that it offers greater opportunities for self-aggrandizing volumes of shipment using trucks. The consolidated system also makes it possible to practice mixed shipment. The large volumes of shipment would humble that there would be need for fewer shipments, each carrying a large quantity. This would improve the economies of scale. There are also some disadvantages of the consolidated system. There are some customers who feel comfortable when the stores are near them. Consolidating the warehouses would affix the distance from som e customers. This may pose a challenge on the time taken to deliver the customers. The distance from the distribution centers would be perennial and may result in a considerable increase in the cost of transportation.The other alternative is public warehousing. In this form of warehousing, the first advantage is that there is no need for fixed investment. The quality of doing is also considerably high. The first disadvantage of this system is that the variable costs involved are considerably high. Secondly, when intervention products of high volume, one moldiness incur high costs in terms of storage and handling. The third option is private warehousing. It is easy to work withthis type of warehousing when handling products which have uncertain nature in terms of their sales. However, this option would not be the best for Westminster products since they are health products which are in demand throughout the year.Use of third party warehousing and transfer would result into higher inventory costs. However, in case there are no fixed investments, the inventory costs would be considerably reduced. One of the advantages of third party warehousing is that since specialists are involved, the service provided is usually better at a lower cost. In terms of cost reduction, consolidated public warehousing would be the best alternative to explore. This is because the overall initial costs are considerably reduced using this option. This would be achieved since the company would not need to make any fixed investments of its own.

Successfully Navigating the Turbulent Skies of a Large-Scale Erp

Bombardier is the worlds only manufacturer of both planes and trains, it is usher in more then 60 countries and is headquartered in Montreal, Canada. Both Bombardier Aerospace & Bombardier rapture employ oer 70 000 and posted a revenue of over 18. 3 gazillion in the fiscal year ended celestial latitude 31,2011. The case presents the implementation of an ERP arranging in Bombardier, along with all the major changes the corporation undertook for a successful transition. In the analysis I give address the challenges faced by Bombardier, the challenges associated with the integration of the large ashes & its usefulnesss.I leave also address how the enter team managed and communicated its vision amongst the whole and how the novel roles were defined, communicated & understood. The analysis will focus up to and including the implementation of the system. As the company grew over the years, Bombardiers strategy of growth by erudition turned the firm into a textbook silo organiz ation. This created problems as systems did not communicate with each other efficaciously. This inefficiency generated additional costs because the firm had to honor all the different systems.Another problem, related to the operation of the aerospace division, was the low-pitched visibility of enrolment and lack of integration between the old computer systems. This caused process delays, low inventorying turns & price inconsistency from suppliers. The Bombardier Manufacturing System (BMS) , the group of information engine room applications that had been supporting Bombardier Aerospaces manufacturing activities, had not evolved to cope with the fast changes. The BMS capabilities had become limited. We roll in the hay assume that Bombardier was not a fully merged company at that time because there was a clear lack of coordination and unity.An example would be how employees would create numerous stand-al matchless databases throughout the company on trading operations specific to their authority without realizing the negative effect it causes to the rest of the organization such as data errors or omissions. But Bombardier Aerospace was working on nice an integrated Company, as the Vice-President of Operations and Project Sponsor was aware of the challenges and created a Vision One Company To align the operations of its acquired companies by implementing parkland roles and responsibilities.To meet this enormous challenge, a Enterprise imaging planning (ERP) system was get-go implemented at Bombardier Aerospace. The first attempt in 2000 was a costly failure. The implementation of this technology without the corresponding organizational changes was the main case of its failure. The component parts that contributed to its breakdown are identified as Focusing the implementation on inappropriate business processes, an outdated company vision, a weak sponsorship model, low involvement of internal employees and having too many third-party consultants e mployed on the project.In October 2001, Bombardier Manufacturing teaching System (BMIS) was created by the Senior Project Manager to establish a new integrated manufacturing system. BMIS was the first project launched with a vision of an integrated organization. Once completed it would support 9,500 users over seven sites and the main benefit of the systems integration is the cost savings of over $1. 171 billion and a one time reduction in material inventory of $219 million. To Create & implement such a system, a blue scratch of the operation was created.An integration team was formed There role was to get a line integration points where a process crossed functional boundaries, and independently dismantle integration points that could potentially cause disagreement. The functional council took high level decisions regarding the target of the projects. The BMIS team pass along that the plants provide them with experienced employees for the design flesh. Some problems that the BMIS project manager was concerned about is that there was a lack of blind drunk business employees, although empowered to make decisions and complete the design had to constantly go back to the business in order to validate.Another problem was the documentation that was requested by the BMIS team were not provided. As a result, the Design phase ran over schedule by several months. Bombardier Aerospace fixed to go with a progressive implementation of the system. BMIS would be implemented one plant at a time starting with there newest facility, the Mirabel Plant. The Critical success factor for the project was the Vanilla approach to system design It was beta that the first roll-out or implementation of the system at the Mirabel plant to be a controlled one.Bombardier limited the scope of the first roll-out one section at a time and trained the rest of the shop accordingly. This approach would siege the system to one part of the plant and identify lessons for subsequent roll-outs . The Restructuring of the procurement function plays an important role in realizing the vision of the BMIS. As was stated earlier, one of the problems the firm faced was the low visibility of inventory. By improving the visibility, you mickle reduce inventory levels that would improve liquidity and reduce cycle time.It was decided mid-project to restructure the procurement function, it was undertaken in parallel with the implementation of the BMIS and was called the Material Resource Planning Technology. The main idea for procurement was to minimize the total learning cost and overall procurement costs by concentrating on a centralized and strategic sourcing of inventory. This big change would require the teach of new employees and have them ready to use the new system.selective information Management was also a parallel project, it can be divided in 2 activities 1. information Cleansing identified as a major risk of the project. 2. Data Preparation Extraction, mapping, staging and consolidation of data. Before going live it was important to prepare the users in utilizing the new system. Due to the pressure of staying on schedule, training were delivered to users in a short period of time which wasnt effective because transmitting such a large amount of information in a sort period resulted in a negative effect.

The Nature and Nurture Controversy

Briefly summarize the approaches to the nature and elevate controversy. support devil mannikins of nature and two examples of nurture and explain their influence on your own development. Evaluate the impact of each and explain which you believe had much of an impact and why. Your initial post must be at least(prenominal) 300 words in length. Respond to at least two of your classmates posts with critical thought. Classmate responses must be at least coulomb words in length and posted by Day 7. genius vs.. grow is a controversy suggesting that our development is either from tauter or nurture.Nature universe biological reasons such as DNA or it being hereditary. objet dart Nurture is brought on by our environment family, and or experiences. It is difficult to read one plays a bigger role in my upbringing than the other. For example I need my fathers big brown eyes but my views be entirely different than his. I look like my mother and have a similar face-to-faceity but don t think it is because of my genes we are alike. then(prenominal) we have how nurture Impacted my development. I became pregnant at suppurate 16 and was normal since where I lived at the mime- Los Angles was non foreign to It.Growing up In a big metropolis such as Los Angles you slope to grow up faster and more prone to hang taboo with the wrong crowds. I grew up with my two siblings a brother and an previous(a) babe who are very different although we were raised In the very(prenominal) environment. My older sister finished high school on cartridge clip and had her first child at age 22. My younger brother to a fault finished high school on time and decided to advance onto college. As for myself I married at age 16 and was not able to finish high school with my class.Although both play a huge role on my personality I believe that nurture had a bigger effect In my personal life history. Nature tail end also play a role In a persons life such as a disability that was Inherit ed but my touch can be easily overcome by nurture by Ignoring your disability or living a certain counseling. Either way both nature and nurture play an Important role In ones life unheeding of which one has a bigger Impact. The Nature and Nurture Controversy By Familiars it is because of my genes we are alike.Then we have how nurture impacted my time- Los Angles was not foreign to it. Growing up in a big city such as Los Angles although we were raised in the same environment. My older sister finished high huge role on my personality I believe that nurture had a bigger effect in my personal life. Nature can also play a role in a persons life such as a disability that was genic but my opinion can be easily overcome by nurture by ignoring your important role in ones life regardless of which one has a bigger impact.