Chemiluminescence of Luminol Essay Example for Free

Chemiluminescence of Luminol EssayIntroductionIn this experiment, luminol was mixed with hydrogen peroxide (an oxidising agent) resulting in chemiluminescence. The experimentis designed to see how the duration of luminescence is affected by varying temperatures. It has been made to be deliberately inaccurate, so another objective would be to see whether subjective observations can be improved by repetition and averaging.Chemiluminescence is the production of light from a release of energy in a chemical reaction without the aid of heat. The light produced is due to electrons being given(p) an excess of energy and this energy being released as the electrons revert to their ground state, a luminescent light being given off as a result. An important use of this reaction is in forensic science where luminol and hydrogen peroxide are used to highlight samples of blood at a offensive activity scene. The two chemicals react readily due to the iron present in haemoglobin, giving off a luminescent glow as a result.Chemiluminescence occurs until now in living organisms where it is termed bioluminescence. Using fireflies as an example, a reaction where luciferin combines with adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) and reacts with the enzyme luciferase. The action of the enzyme acting on luciferase simulates something similar to luminol and a peroxide being catalysed by a transition metal catalyst, providing electrons with enough energy to reach a higher energy level which then gives off light as they relax sanction to their ground state. Reaction pathway of luminol2H2O22H2O + O2(g) Decomposition of Hydrogen PeroxideIn this experiment we used luminol and hydrogen peroxide solution. When the two react, a dianion is from the peroxide reacting with the luminol. As hydrogen peroxide reacts, oxygen is evolved which then reacts with the dianion to produce an unstable peroxide the instability of the peroxide causes it to break down immediately and lose nitrogen, producing 3-amino pthalate. (above)ExperimentalA set of five test tubes were prepared and labelled with a letter(A-E) and their temperatures 220C (room temperature which varied between groups), 250C, 350C, 60C and 400C. 250C, 350C and 400C were conducted in water baths whereas 60C used an ice bath.

Health Insurance and Medicare Essay Example for Free

intimatelyness Insurance and Medi fear EssayI. IntroductionThe Patient Protection and Affordable Cargon accomplishment (PPACA) was write into law on March 23, 2010 by President Barack Obama. Along with the Health keeping and Education Reconciliation Act (HCERA), it represents the momentous transformation of the U.S. wellness cargon system. Its main goal is to decrease the amount of uninsured citizens as well as to slenderise the overall costs of health care. It is a vastly hard reform that go away affect many bulk in aspects of their health care, costs, and the country. in that respect are many opinions about how this reform will affect the nation, well-nigh saying it will make us better off, others saying we will be worse off, and those who do not think it will make a difference. But regardless of these opinions, what the majority does agree on is that these laws whitethorn be difficult to understand and that many are not even aware of these changes.There are many p roblems that the health care industry is facing. The cost of health care may arguably be the most important factor that people are concerned about. Many think that health care policies and premiums are too expensive. Coupled with the fact that our population is aging, meaning that at that place will be more elder people with more health problems, health care costs are rapidly growing and take up a capacious chunk of the federal budget. There are also many loopholes in spite of appearance the current health care system. Individuals who are looking to buy insurance policy burn be denied based on their pre-existing conditions. close to insurance policies even make up a lifetime limit on benefits. What all these examples basically agree up is that the people who are in need of health care the most are those who are also the most unlikely to be insured, or are under insured.In an attempt to address these issues, the PPACA and Reconciliation Act were established. The Health Care a nd Education Reconciliation Act was enacted to amend the PPACA. It is divided into 2 titles, one addressing the health reform and the other addressing student loan reform. It makes changes to some parts of the PPACA. That is why many people commonly refer to the overall health reform as just the PPACA. The most noted change this bringsis that it requires almost all citizens to overhear health care insurance, or to pay a punishment.Some examples and cases regarding this issue will be discussed later on. The PPACA also considerably expands public insurance as well as funds private insurance get overage. It will close loopholes such as bent grassting life time limits as well as making it illegal to reject coverage for those with pre-existing conditions. In terms of affordability, the PPACA will expand Medicaid to cover low-income families and individuals across the nation. It also aims to cut down and reconstruct Medicare disbursement, which will be the main focus of this paper.II . The Impacts of the PPACA and HCERA on Medicare and Health PhysiciansThe PPACA is make up of 10 titles. I will be discussing selected pabulum in Titles II, III, IV, and V regarding Medicare. These include design modifications and pay to Medicares fee-for-service program, the Medicare Advantage, prescription medicate programs, Medicares defrayal process, changes to address, waste, fraud, and abuse, and other miscellaneous Medicare changes. As for the HCERA, the first title has provisions detailing health care and revenues. Subtitle B of Title I involves provisions that change provisions PPACA relevant to those listed above (Medicare Advantage, fee-for-service, and prescription do drugs programs). Subtitle D has provisions regarding decreasing fraud, abuse, and waste in Medicare. Subtitle E discuses revenue related provisions such as a provision that changes Medicare tax provision in PPACA.A. Impacts on MedicareAccording to the Congressional budget short letter (CBO), the provi sions in PPACA as amended by the HCERA will reduce direct spending by an estimated $390 trillion (CRS, 2010). The provisions that are predicted to produce the largest savings include the following (1) developing an Independent Payment Advisory Board to create changes in Medicare payment rate is presumed to save about $16 billion (2) decreasing Medicare payments to hospitals that aid a vast number of low-income patients, is expected to reduce expenditures by an estimated $22 billion (3) permanent deductions to Medicares fee-for-service payment rates (4) changing the high-income adjustment for Part B premiums, and (5) making maximum payment rates in Medicare Advantage closer to spending in fee-for-service Medicare. However, it is critical tonote that these are just estimates.Medicare is made up of four parts that are individually accountable for paying for various benefits, dependent on different eligibility criteria. Under handed-down Medicare, Part A and Part B services are usua lly paid by a fee-for-service basis (services supplied to a patient is reimbursed through a separate payment). Part A supplies coverage for skilled nursing facility (SNF) services, inpatient hospital services, hospice care, and home health care, which are subject to some limitations. viands that reduce Part A spending make up a large part of the savings related to this legislation through either payment changes or constraining payment updates. PPACA will alter Medicares payment updates to Part A hospitals to account for cost savings, which will signifi tummytly reduce Medicare spending in the side by side(p) 10 course of studys.Under PPACA (Title III Subtitle A Section 3001), beginning for discharges on October 1, 2012 hospitals will acquire value-based incentive payments from Medicare. The first twelvemonth of the value based purchasing (VBP) program will aim at collecting data and assessing performance. Starting in 2013, adjustments to hospital payments will be made based on per formance by the VBP program. There will also be VBP standards established (i.e. levels of improvement and accomplishments), as well as a regularity for assessing how hospitals perform. Hospitals with the highest score will obtain the biggest VBP payments. Those that meet or go beyond the standards are able to receive an step-upd DRG payment for each discharge within the year. However, to countenance for these VBP incentive payments the DRG payments will be reduced by a certain percentage 1.0% in 2013 1.25% in 2014 1.5% in 2015 1.75% in 2016 and 2.0% in 2017.An wear round choice to receive covered benefits would be Medicare Advantage (MA). Private health send offs are paid a per person amount to supply all Medicare-covered benefits to those who cypher in the plan under MA. The payments made to MA plans are decided by comparing the maximum amount Medicare will pay for benefits with a plans cost of providing those required benefits. If the plans cost is below the maximum, then it is paidthe cost plus a rebate equal to 75% of the difference to the maximum.But if the plans cost is above the maximum, then it is paid and must also charge the enrollee the difference between the cost and the maximum. PPACA modifies how the maximum payment is decided. Beginning in 2012, it will implement benchmarks (maximum amount Medicare will pay for benefits) calculated as a percentage of per capita FFS Medicare spending. It will also increase benchmarks depending on the prime(a) of the plan. Those with a high quality rating will get an increase in their benchmark while newly plans or those with lesser enrollments may also qualify to get an increase. PPACA will also vary the plan rebates based on quality with new rebates set from 50% to 70%.In regards to changes affecting Medicares prescription drug benefits, the health reform makes a few changes to the Medicare Part D program. PPACA increases the premiums held by higher income enrollees. The income standards are set to be at the same manner and level as that in Part B. Beginning in 2011, those enrolled in Part D will eat up a 50% discount for drugs during the coverage geological fault. In extension, HCERA will supply a rebate of $250 to those who enter the gap in 2010. Hopefully this phases out the halo hole (coverage gap) by slowly lessening the cost-sharing and coverage gap for generic and brand name drugs.Medicares finances are operated through two self-assurance funds, the Hospital Insurance (HI) and the Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) trust fund. The main provider of income to the HI fund, which pays for Medicare Part A, is the payroll taxes paid by employers and employees. Medicare Part B and D are funded by general revenues and monthly premiums. In addition to all the previous provisions addressing Medicares financial issues, there is another precautionary step being taken. The PPACA has a provision to establish an Independent Payment Advisory Board with the goal of decreasing Medicar e spending.B. Impacts on PhysiciansThe PPACA and HCERA make various changes to the Medicare program, which in turn affects physicians and how they practice. Some of these provisions have clear consequences, such as immediately changing physician reimbursement, while others have indirect influences on how physicians may practice in the next by modifying the incentives to improve the delivery and quality of care.PPACA broadens the Medicare Physician Quality and Reporting Initiative (PQRI) incentive payments though 2014 and administers a penalty for those who fail to report quality measures starting in 2015. It also supplies for a further bonus to physicians who meet the requirements of an assessment program, such as the Maintenance of certification Program, while penalizes the physicians who fail to meet those standards in the future. Under Section 3002 of Title III, Medicare claims data will be used to provide reports to physicians that measure resources used to provide care for Med icare beneficiaries.Under Section 3007 of Title III, the Secretary of HHS is obliged to create and administer a separate payment modifier to the Medicare physician fee schedule. This payment should be based on the relative cost and quality of the care provided by physicians. The quality of care should be assessed based on risk-adjusted measure of quality determined by the Secretary. Costs are also assessed based on measures determined by the Secretary. Risk factors such as ethnicity, demographic, socioeconomic characteristics, and health position should be taken into account. By January 1, 2012 these explicit measures of cost and quality, along with implementation dates of the adjusted payments should be published.III. Regulations implementationWith such significant changes and provisions being made, there should be a way to keep track of how each is being regulated and implemented. I will discuss the regulations, time limits, and effective dates on how each are being done so by year.The first changes of 2010 start with Medicare provider rates. This includes reductions in the annual market basket updates for hospital services. Currently, there have been productivity adjustments added to market basket update in 2012. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) have issued these updates for varying provider types starting in rarified 2010. Theimplementation of the Medicare Beneficiary drug rebate, which supplies a $250 rebate to those in the Part D coverage gap, started January 1, 2010. In May 2010, the CMS published a brochure containing information about the coverage gap in Medicare Part D. As of March 22, 2011, about 3.8 million people have received the $250 rebate (HHS, 2011). As for closing the Medicare drug coverage gap, on December 17, 2010 CMS sent a letter to pharmaceutical companies addressing guidelines to the Medicare Coverage Gap Discount Program. This program became effective on January 1, 2011.Moving onto provisions implemented in 201 1, Medicare payments for primary care will provide a 10% bonus payment for services. It will also provide the same bonus to general surgeons running(a) in areas with a shortage of health professionals. This is being implemented starting in January 1, 2011 through December 2015. As for the MA payment changes, they will structure payment to private plans and prohibit higher cost-sharing requirements. This has been in effect since January 1, 2011. The CMS issued a notice to MA plans in April 2010 addressing the freeze in 2011 payment rates at 2010 levels. A Medicare Independent Payment Advisory Board made up of 15 individuals to arrange proposals and recommendations to decrease the per capita rate of growth in spending if it exceeds targeted rates was planned to be established. On October 1, 2011, funding was made available and the first proposals are due January 15, 2014.In 2012, the second part of the MA plan payments, which reduce rebates paid and provide bonuses to high quality p lans, went into effect on January 1, 2012. On February 28, 2012 the CMS sent out a letter to MA plans addressing the payment rates for 2012. invention and abuse prevention was also implemented on January 1, 2012. It establishes procedures for screening and reporting those who participate in Medicare. On March 23, 2011 CMS issued a notice addressing the fee that providers would have to pay to fund the screenings. Later on in the year, on October 1, 2012 Medicare value based purchasing was put into effect. This creates a program to pay hospitals based on their quality of performance.This coming year in 2013, there will be a few provisions to come into effectstarting off the new year. On January 1, 2013 the Medicare tax increase (increases the Medicare Part A tax rate on wages by 0.9% on incomes of $200,000), Medicare bundle payment pilot program (program to create and assess payments for certain services), and the latter part of the prescription drug coverage gap (reducing coinsuranc e) will be put into effect.As for 2014, the last of the Medicare provisions will be implemented. The Medicare Advantage plan loss ratios are mandated to be no less than 85% this will begin at the start of the year on January 1, 2014. The second implementation for that year will be Medicare payments for hospital-acquired infections it will decrease payments to those hospitals for their hospital-aquired conditions by 1% and this process will continue onto 2015.IV. Cases Challenging PPACAWhen the PPACA and HCERA were sign-language(a) into law, many people differentiated and sued claiming that the reform was unconstitutional for a number of reasons. The most controversial was the mandate that require most citizens to obtain health insurance coverage, and if failing to do so would have to pay a penalty in the form of an individual tax. Another debated provision was the expansion of the Medicaid program to cover even more individuals, such as those with low income. All of these separate cases were then merged into a single case, The National Federation of Independent seam v. Sebelius, 567 U.S. (2012).When ruled, it was a momentous Supreme coquette decision in which the Court maintained Congresss pledge to enact the provisions of the Affordable Care Act and the Reconciliation Act. In December 2011, it was announced that there would be a 6 hour oral argumentation heard by the Court over a time span of three days beginning on March 26, 2012 and ending on March 28, 2012 discussing varying debatable topics of these provisions. By a vote of 5 to 4, the Court maintained the Individual mandatary aspect of the PPACA as a binding exercise of Congresss authority to lay and collect taxes. The critical characterization of this financial penalty as a tax is what passed the mandate as constitutional.Preceding this landmark case there were many previous hearings held, allhaving similar conflicting opinions. The 11th Circuit was also dealing with arguments in relative cases c hallenging PPACA. While it was assumed that the quaternary Circuit, which had heard oral arguments before the Eleventh Circuit, would issue a decision on PPACA first, the Eleventh Circuit was actually the second to issue its opinion, on August 12, 2011. In Florida ex rel. Bondi v. U.S. Department of Health Human Services (2011) the plaintiffs of the case were two private individuals, the National Federation of Independent Business, and 26 individual states.The Eleventh Circuit then published a 300-plus page opinion finding by a 21 majority that the Individual Mandate (requiring health insurance coverage) is unconstitutional, and thus created a split of authority between the two Circuits. The Eleventh Circuit heard this appeal from the United States District Court for the northerly District of Florida, which saw the Individual Mandate to be an unconstitutional exercise of Congresss authority. The regularise court also found that the Individual Mandate was not applicable to the res t of the PPACA, meaning that the whole act was invalid. The plaintiffs in the district court case also debated that the PPACAs expansion of Medicaid was unconstitutional, but the district court granted the government judgment on that issue and the Eleventh Circuit agreed to that courts decision.These two cases show how divided opinions can be and how difficult it was and is to pass a health reform law. Opinions are still divided, concerning many aspects such as the Medicaid expansion, the handicraft Clause, and the Necessary and Proper Clause. On the issue of Medicaid expansion, no one, single opinion had the support of the majority of the Justices. Also, on the issue of if the Individual Mandate was within the authority of Congress under the Commerce Clause and the Necessary and Proper Clause, again there was no single opinion that was supported by the majority of the Court. Despite all these controversies, and even though the act has passed, there are still those who are continui ng to pursue litigation in order to repeal and defeat the PPACA.V. ConclusionMedicare spending has been increase much more rapidly compared to the general economy, and this definitely raises concerns about Medicareslong-term sustainability. The provisions in the Affordable Care Act and the Reconciliation Act were established to decrease Medicare program costs by about $390 billion over the following 10 years through modifications in payments to various providers, by leveling payment rates between fee-for-service Medicare and Medicare Advantage, and by boosting efficiencies of how health services are delivered and paid for. Overall, the PPACA and HCERA are momentous pieces of legislation that will restructure the future of the U.S. health care system. It is still unclear of how well these provisions have been implemented, with some still having yet to be so.The main concern is probably how well costs will be contained or reduced. With all of these new taxes, hopefully the reform will actually reduce the federal deficit over the next ten years that these provisions are being implemented. There is still much work to be done within the next few years, to put on how this reform works out. Many people are glad that it has passed and support this reform as well as encourage it to be expanded, while others oppose the reform arguing that it creates too much government involvement in the issue.But since it has passed and is enacted in the present, people should make use of what is being provided. Some are not even aware of the changes in the health care industry and are oblivious to how they are being affected. That is why it is important to stay inform and make decisions, after all this is what directly affects your future.ReferencesCRS Analysis of CBO (March 20, 2010). Estimates of the effects of PPACA and the Reconciliation Act combined. Congressional Budget Office. Retrieved October 31, 2012 from http//www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/113xx/doc11379/AmendReconProp.pdf Barrett, Paul M. (June 28, 2012). Supreme Court Supports Obamacare, Bolsters Obama. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved November 3, 2012 from http//www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-06-28/supreme-court-supports-obamacare-and-bolsters-obama Congressional Budget Office (March 2009). An Analysis of Health Insurance Premiums Under the Patient Protection andAffordable Care Act. Letter to the Honorable Evan Bayh. Congressional Budget Office, Washington, DC. Retrieved November 3, 2012 from http//www.cbo.gov/doc.cfm?index=10781. Kaizer, J. (2010). Implementation Timeline. Health Reform Source. Retrieved November 5, 2012 from http//healthreform.kff.org/timeline.aspx Hilgers, David W. (February 2012) Physicians post-PPACA not going bust at the healthcare buffet. The Health Lawyer, Vol. 24. Retrieved November 4, 2012 from http//www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publishing/health_lawyer/health_mo_premium_hl_healthlawyer_v24_2403 Pozgar, George D. (2009). Legal essentials of health care administration. Missisauga, Ontario Jones and bartlett Publishers, Michael Brown. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, Secretary of Health Human Services567 U.S. (2012) No. 11-393 Argued March 26-28, 2012 Decided June 28, 2012 Florida ex rel. Bondi v. U.S. Department of Health a Human Services, 780 F.Supp. 2d. 1256 (N.D. Fla. 2011), order clarified by 780 F.Supp. 2d. 1307. (N.D. Fla. 2011).

Impact Of Using Flash Cards English Language Essay

Impact Of Using Flash Cards English Language endeavorVocabulary as the essence of a run-in is one of main quills for lyric poem erudition, and has been the object of many studies. In fact, the vocabulary scholarship is considered as the spirit of language delaying and main component of language belief (Laufer, 1997).In the past, the vocabulary was given little priority in the literature of English language learning and teaching, and received only incidental attention in textbooks (Hedge, 2008 Richards Renandya, 2002). This may refer to the assumption that expressed the lexical instruction is not necessarybecause it can be occurred by itself (Moir nation, 2008). Therefore, this assumption made the vocabulary teaching no popular on that time (Nation, 1990).Several studies have recently discussed about lexical enigma of language learners. For example, communication is gener on the wholey associated with the lexical problems because it breaks down when people do not know the ri ght language to use (Allen, 1983 Bowen, 1985). Nowadays, it is more accepted that vocabulary plays an serious role in a language learning and teaching. For example, Griffiths (2003, 2006) showed the importance of vocabulary teaching to the language learners has been ac noesisd. Hence, there is an increasing interest in the vocabulary learning as main part of every language learning and teaching. Although there is a number of studies on the field of vocabulary learning (Folse, 2004 Hunt Beglar, 2005), and its most effective means is still unclear (de Groot, 2006).For vocabulary learning, one way is finding the means of course in the dictionary and adding them in ones vocabularies. another(prenominal) way is using vocabulary card or pulsation card that is faster process than the previous way to increase word power. The flash tease can be studies almost anywhere and anytime, especially when one has a free time, even very short (Brown, 2000). In addition, they can be position as logical groups of the target words (Cohen, 1990 Gairns Redman, 1990).Some studies reported that language learners could more effectively improve their vocabulary by using the flash cards alternatively of word lists (MondriaMondria-de Vries, 1994 Schmitt Schmitt, 1995). In the history of language teaching, the flash cards have been use for many purposes such as (1) to improve word recognition tycoon of students who are poor in reading skill (Culyer, 1988) (2) to work out vocabulary bristlement of student during their foreign language learning (Ervin, 1988)(3) to teach English as second language (Hart, 1982) (4) for teaching structure of sentences, articles, propositions, and tenses (Palka, 1988), and (5) to improve the reading and comprehension speed (Tan Nicholson, 1997).Ehri and Roberts (1979) compared language learning ability of first graders based on printed words in context and in isolation. Their results indicated children with flash card-training base learned more about the orthographic form of words, while the context-trained children learned more about the word semantic identities.Cuvo and Klatt (1992) evaluated the impacts of three instructional conditions 1) teaching order of battle words by using flash cards 2) community-referenced sight words, and 3) teaching the phrases with a videotape setting and sight words with the natural symbols in community to youths with moderate mental retardation. The results represented that learning and recognition of the community-referenced sight words was very fast in all three conditions, while a generalization from the flashcard and videotape conditions occurred to the community sites. These results confirmed the positive set up ofusing flash cards for learning a language even some studies have reported that the flash cardsshould be used as a whoreson for creating fun in classrooms (Nicholson, 1998). Report byDin and Wienke(2001) showed using flash card is an effective turn up in learning and training o f chemistry vocabulary and study for high school teachers and students. In addition, study about effects of using flash card and word list approaches on language learning ability of EFL student (Learning of foreign language vocabulary) determined no portentous difference in the effectiveness of both methods Baleghizadeh and Ashoori (2011). The literature review indicates that efficiency of using flash cards method in the vocabulary learning and teaching process is limited, and needs to be re-evaluated.Review of literatureAcquisition of vocabulary is one of the most challenging parts for language learning. In order to elucidate the problem of forgetting learnt words by language learners through the time, teachers can attempt to use learning devices into their classes. Thus, this study would like to present a crudevocabulary learning tool that called Vocabulary Flash Card (VFC). Many researchers agree that curriculum designers and EFL educators will feel that their responsibility i n language learning and teaching is more fine after knowing there are individual differences in learning process.Furthermore, it will help them to fit teaching and learning in order to develop studentsEFL learning potentials, and to support students to become familiar with the approaches they can learn most effectively. In addition, it canassist to the students forcreating and developingother techniques and tools which can motivate language learners more than before. Better understanding on studentsopinions about the vocabulary learning process and using techniques enables teachers to design and provide suitable materials and activities for improving the students vocabulary learning and lexical competence.Problems resulted from lack of vocabulary knowledge may be the main barriers to successful language learning. Therefore, finding solutions for these problems may greatly help both language students and teachers. To prepare guidelines for solving vocabulary learnedness problems, t he first step is to discover those problems and identify their nature. Hence, this study by revealing main problems of vocabulary learning and give solutions to them helps English teachers, students, curriculum designers, and may be parents to change their using strategies for English language learning to the freshly and more applicable ones such as Vocabulary Flash Card (VFC) using.Flashcard is a card, one side of card includes new vocabulary and the other side includes translation or synonym. According to EslahkarKomachali and Khodareza (2012) flashcard for EFL teaching or self-study has been useful tool for teachers and learners.Nation (2001) describes this strategy in learning vocabulary in another language that a learner writes foreign word on one side of a small card, and its translation of the first language on the other. The learner goes through a set of cards and tries to recall its meaning.as Tan and Nicholson (1997) stated flashcards have been used to improve both compre hension and reading speed.Some researchers have criticized using flashcard for stressing memorization over comprehension and others have argued that they should be used as a devise to create fun classrooms (Nicholson, 1998).In the past more teachers stressd on the grammar, they pay less attention on the learning vocabulary. While grammar translation approach to the teaching of language provided a balanced diet of grammar and vocabulary, audiolinguisticssuggested that emphasis should be strongly on the acquisition of the grammar patterns of the language (Shakouri and Mehrgan, 2012).It was believed that if learners were able to internalize these basic patterns, their wide-ranging vocabulary building comes later (Nunan, 1991).There are some reasons and factors about why teachers neglected vocabulary in the past.During the period 1940-1979,Allen (1983) outlined two reasons (1) it has emphasize too much in language classroom during the years before that time, and people considered it as the only key to language learning, and (2) the meaning of words couldnot adequately be thought, so it is better not to try to teach them.Results from Zimmerman (1997) would also lead us to think that most second language learners have traditionally been through by methods gave minimal attention to vocabulary, so it seems reasonable to expect most teachers will continue to neglect vocabulary language, whether it is because of the methods by which they have learn the methods by which they are learning.ConclusionsResearchers are always trying to find appropriate ways to facilitate learning vocabulary. Learning vocabulary is contrary in unalike situations and levels. Using flash cards comes from anaudio-lingualmethod. Teachers pay less attention to using flashcard in teaching and methodology. This article tries to determine the effect of using flashcard on promoting students knowledge of vocabulary,according to shakoori and mehrgan (2012) using flashcard is not effective in learning abstract words. For teaching abstract words it is better to create context, whileusing flashcard enhances learning vocabulary. Both students participations in classroom activities and performances on vocabulary test have been significantly increased after using flashcard.This study indicates there was different between using flashcard and traditional teaching method. They believed that using flashcard is much better than traditional method according to four reasons.(Mondriya and mondria-de vries, 1994 nalcata schmith and achmitt, 1995) . First new words can be easily practiced extensively with flashcard. Learners can separate cards into several categories based on their difficulty level. It helps them to review the new words. Second, working with flashcard increases vocabulary retrieval. Since learners are presented with a second language word and its definition on the other side of the card, they can easily practice new words and recall their meanings in as much as the words appear on two different sides of the card. Third learning words through traditional method, because some words may receive less attention than others because of the particular positions in the class. Nevertheless, there is not such a problem in learning with flashcard since they tend to be more flexible.

Leisure Time Activities For Overseas Students

Leisure Time Activities For Overseas StudentsAbstractThe affair of this get wind was to find step forward that unemployed beat activities begin decreased among overseas schoolchilds after coming to Australia and explored the hypothesis that waste time activities has decreased among overseas students as comp ar to their internal country. A survey was conducted on 50 students. Participants were selected randomly from the same course and a standard questionnaire was given to the participants. The questionnaires consist of 14 close terminate questions. The results showed that overseas students claimd in empty time activities on weekend in Australia. Where as in the home country they engaged in both. In auxiliary to this, in Australia participants spend their most of time by doing outdoor activities and talking with friends. The result suggests that responsives do non have decorous time to do their unoccupied time time activities in Australia as comp ard to their home c ountry. Universities should provide both(prenominal) activities to student on campus so that they can enjoy vacuous activities in college in their stark time.IntroductionLeisure time is universal, something that every human being needs. It constitutes a period of free time that may be spent in both manner one chooses. Leisure time activities play a significant role in the daily life of students who have the heavy burden of study. By doing counterpointive types of leisure activities, like playing, reading, surfing the internet students achieve a feeling of well being and also gain more knowledge as well as having change in their life. For overseas students leisure time activities help them reduce stress and remedy the relationships.Most people take hold that leisure time activities hold an important role in student life.ABS (June 2011) showed that in 2011, more than 64% of Australian students aged 15 years and over are more interested in sport activity as it increase physical recreation and social interaction Moreover, Grahme and poyrazli (2007) researcher suggest that financial problems are experienced by majority of international student when they live in other country. In addition to this Barratt and Huba (1994) analysed that international students attempts to make friends and solve problem and improve communication.A lot of research has been conducted on leisure time activity. However, there are serious weaknesses in their results. Previous researcher ABS (2011) and Grahme and poyrazli (2007) have shown problem with Australian and international students they have not compared the what problem or activities has changed among students after they go to study overseas. In addition to this, overseas students face many problems like, language, eduction, and home complaint when they study in other countries. Moreover there was not a fixed aged chemical group or sample for research to prove their hypothesis.The purpose of this study was to find why leisur e activities have decreased among international students after coming to Australia and the hypothesis was the leisure time activities decrease among overseas student in Australia as compared to their home country.MethodologyOn Thursday 1st May 2014, a survey was conducted on 50 students. Who were enrolled in EAP 5 faculty member English course at UWS College, Westmead campus. The survey took the form of questionnaire. This was devised and piloted in class with other students. Necessary questions were modified to produce the final version.The questionnaire consisted of 14 close ended questions. The first three were demo graphic questions where the respondent had to state gender, age and nationality. Whereas the rest of questions were related to time, place and different types of leisure time activities. The participants represented four different nationalities mostly from India. Male and female was participated but the majority were female.All ten EAP 5 classes went to the IELTS cen tre. Where seats were allocated according to class. Students started distributing their questionnaires EAP5H administrated their questionnaire to classes E, F, G and I and returned to their seats. The whole process lasted 1 hour. .At the end questionnaire was collected then data was collated and converted into percentages for use of further analysis.ResultsFigure 1Figure 1 represents days in which participants engage in leisure activities.It is clear seen in Australia that most of students engage in leisure activities on the weekend. However, in home country most of respondents spend their time in weekdays and weekend. There were an equal proportion of participants that engaged during weekdays in their leisure activities in both countries.Thus, in Australia majority of participants engaged in weekend where as in home country they engaged in both days for leisure activities.Figure 2Figure 2 illustrates the group with whom participants spend their leisure time.It is seen from the grap h that in Australia majority of participants spend their leisure time with friends followed by family. On the other hand, in home country equal percentages of participants spend their leisure time with friends and family.5 % participants in Australia spend the leisure time alone as compare to home country.Overall, in home country friends and family is a best group for participants to spend their leisure time as compare to Australia.Figure 3Figure 3 represents place used for leisure time activities.It is clear from graph that in Australia majority of participant used more outdoor activities and half of them preferred to do indoor(a) activities. However, in home country most of respondent used indoor as well as outdoor activities in their leisure time.Hence, in home country majority of participant do indoor and outdoor activities in their leisure time as compare to Australia.Figure 4Figure 4 illustrates time for leisure activities to students.It is seen that in Australia most of parti cipants agree that they not have enough time for leisure activities in addition to this only 20% of participants have time to do leisure activities in contrast to that in home country majority of students have enough time for their leisure activities and only list of participants do not have time for leisure activities.Thus, in home country participants have enough time for leisure activities as compare to Australia.DiscussionThe aim of this research was to find why leisure time activities have decreased among overseas student. The hypothesis supported the study that leisure activities have decreased among international student after they come to Australia.A main finding was mostly consistent with study of Barratt and Huba (1994) they detected that international student attempts to make more friends. This could be because international student do not live with their family so they can express idea and views with friends and it help to solve them problems.A next significant finding w as quietly similar with study of ABS (2011) they stated that in Australia student are preferred to do more outdoor activities then indoor .A likely reason for this is, that if they go out and do the activities it have to referees their mine and improve communication by communicating with other people.The finding supports the hypothesis. In the comparison of two countries surveyed. The respondents agreed that they do not have enough time to do leisure activities in Australia and they broadly engage in leisure activities on weekends. A possible reason for this, students have the burden of study and work in weekdays. Whereas in weekend students are free from all and they get more time to do their activities.A significant limitation in this research was that the questions are not well design. The sample size was too small to make generalization and all respondents are from the same college and course. Further studies should be carried out with large sample and survey conducted at diffe rent universities to investigate that leisure time activities has change among overseas student. The recommendation of study that universities should provide some different type of activities in campus so student can do in their spare time.Akanki PatelEAP5HPage 1

Relationship importance and Factors of Marital Adjustment

Relationship importance and Factors of Marital Adjustwork forcetOver the frame of life, population learn to establish different alliances, with different values, expectations and commitwork forcets. One of those kinds is the wed kindred. For A good married kind marital adaptation is essential. Sinha Mukerjee (1990) defines marital alteration as The state in which there is an overall feeling in husband and wife of happiness and enjoyment with their unification and with each new(prenominal).Locke Wallace (1959) defines marital registration as accommodation of husband and wife to each other at a given timeAccording to Spanier and Cole (1976), marital limiting is a butt on, the outcome of which is de destinationined by the course of a) troublesome marital differences, b) interpersonal tensions and personal anxiety, c) marital atonement d) dyadic cohesion, e) consensus on matters of importance to marital functioning.thither ar a number of factors that define a healthy marital adjustment. Some of these factors areFactors charterd in Marital AdjustmentWife utilisation and Marital AdjustmentBlumstein and Schwartz (1983) had earlier tack together that individuals, particularly wives, reported increased trains of egotism-esteem, self-importance-concept, and self-worth were electropositively correlated with employment.Previous research on the consanguinity be- tween wife employment and marital adjust- ment has produced fighting results some investigations report a positive relationship between wife employment and marital adjust- ment (Burke Weir, 1976 Hartley, 1978) others suggest a detrimental relationship (Bean, Curtis, Marcum, 1977 Gover, 1963) other studies show no relationship (Bahr Day, 1978 Blood Wolfe, 1960).Nathawat and Mathur (1993) did a case in India about marital adjustment and subjective upbeat in Indian-educated housewives and works women. Their results indicated that working women had better marital adjustment and subjec tive well-being. Working women reported high scores on general health, life gladness and self-esteem measures dispirit scores on hopelessness, insecurity and anxiety whereas the housewives had lower scores on negative affect than the working women.Trust and marital adjustmentRelationships are peaceful of trust, and sharing of cosy thoughts and feelings. They are built upon trust and sharing and they get stronger from these things (Finkenauer, Kerkhof, Righetti, Branje, 2009). According to Regan, Kocan, and Whitlock (1998) Trust is one of the intimately important component of a good-natured relationship. Also international studies wee-wee found trust to be a critical factor in the success of long-term marriages (Roizblatt et al. 1999 Sharlin 1996).In a longitudinal depicted object, Kristina Moeller and Hakan Stattin (2001) report that adolescents with trustful parental relationships experienced greater satisfaction with their abetter _or_ abettor relationships in midlife. Quality of life and marital adjustmentPsychological Factors Depression reach ( mental well being)Lower psychological well-being is a major risk factor for relationship distress. Higher rates of relationship problems develop been consistently united to persons suffering from severe psychiatric disorders, including depression, substance abuse, and anxiety disorders (Bradbury, 1998). many studies link marital conflict to depression (Beach, Arias, OLeary, 1987 OLeary and Beach, 1990). Although the authors propose a bidirectional causal relationship between marital conflict and depression, they suggest that marital conflict is typically a much powerful contributing factor to depression.Marital satisfaction appears to be an important factor of psychological well being. Marital distress has been linked with many psychological difficulties especially depression. (KAUSAR ANSARI.. thesis) .Belongingness and Marital AdjustmentAccording to Baumeister Leary (1995) Belongingness might hast en multiple and strong effects on emotional patterns and on cognitive processes. Lack of belongingness or attachments is linked to a variety of ill effects on health, adjustment, and well-being. In a close relationship there is a need to belong and if that need isnt fulfilled then problems may occur. One of the universal institutions is marriage which is accepted to satisfy the need for belongingness.Economics and Marital AdjustmentEducation and income have in addition been linked to marital satisfaction and maritalconflict, with greater levels of procreation and income predicting greater marital satisfaction and less conflict. Economic stress has a negative effect on marital satisfaction and a positive cast on relationship dissolution (Johnson Booth, 1990).Economic strain is directly linked to increased couple disagreements and has direct impact on marital adjustment (Kinnunen and Feldt, 2004). Many researches haves been conducted on economic factor in relation to marital adjus tment e.g Zedlewski (2002) studied economic factor in relation to family well-being , he found that low family income and limited benefits have negative influences on child and family well-being. Voyandoff (1990) studied economic distress and family relations. Ross Mirowsky (1992) and Yadollahi (2009) studied that employment of fellowsand the sense of control in variant types of stressors of marital life. Diener and Diener (2001) investigated that wealth is related to many positive outcomes in life. Gudmunson, Beutler, Israelsen, McCoy Hill (2007) found that financial problems significantly contributed to lower reported marital satisfaction among unite couples. In a study in Finland conducted by Kinnunen and Feldt (2004) concluded that husbands unemployment is strongly associated with his marital adjustment. Couples with better economic resources are martially adjusted as compared to those who have limited economic resources. Economic hard times increased rate of martial distres s. (Blekesaunes 2008)Personality and Marital AdjustmentIn a study by Bouchard, Sabourin, Lussier, Y. (1999) the relationship of various reputation traits with marital adjustment was studied. Personality traits studied were neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness. The scale used to measure marital adjustment was dyadic adjustment scale. The results showed that women high in agreeableness and openness were more adjusted. Also males that were high on openness and agreeableness were more martially adjusted. Husbands openness was positively related to their wives marital adjustment. Open individuals may tolerate and respect differences in behavior and thought of partner which would reduce the number of conflicts and increase the consensus between spouses.Kim, Martin, and Martin (1989) and Levine and Henessy (1990) found that personality factors differentiated stable from unstable marriages. Stable marriages were more similar in intelligence, protension, radicalism, tender-mindedness, mutual trust, acceptance, enthusiasm, and genuineness. Personality factors that reduce the standardizedlihood of stability and satisfaction have include the lack of warmth and extraversion (Levine Henessy) passive-aggression (Slavik, Carlson, Sperry, 1998) borderline pathologies (Paris Braverman, 1995) bipolar disorders (Peven Schulman, 1998) feelings of insecurity, unfairness, depreciation, and powerlessness (Begin, Sabourin, Lussier, Wright, 1997) disagreeableness, emotional instability, inconsiderateness, and physical abuse (Botwin et al., 1997 Kosek, 1996 Shackelford Buss, 1997) depression (Cohan Bradbury, 1997 Davila Bradbury, 1997 Fals-Stewart, Birchler, Schafer, Lucente, 1994) neuroticism (Karney Bradbury, 1997 Russell Wells, 1994a Russell Wells, 1994b) tension, anxiety, worry, and suspicion (Craig Olson, 1995) hostility, defensiveness, and aggression (Heyman, OLeary, Jouriles, 1995 OLeary, Malone, Tyree, 1994 Newton, Kiecolt-Gl aser, Glaser, Malarkey, 1995) and negative affectivity bring-in to negative attributions (Huston Vangelistic, 1991 Karney, Bradbury, Fincham, OSullivan, 1994).Individual personality traits have also been linked to couples relationship functioning for both(prenominal) men and women. Personality traits of neuroticism, anxiety, and emotional instability have been shown to itch relationship functioning and reduce relationship satisfaction (Watson Clark, 1984). Additionally, personality characteristics of agreeableness and expressiveness have been referred to as individual protective factors, which may enhance marital satisfaction (Bradbury, Campbell, Fincham, 1995).Communication and Marital AdjustmentCommunication is necessity for human growth and development also it serves as the essential foundation for marital success and is the facilitating process for an enduring marriage that is satisfying (Robinson Blanton, 1993). Communication within relationships is an important fact or, if there isnt communication the relationship suffers. The relationship between marital communication and adjustment is a strong one (Murphy Mendelson 2004). Gottman (1995) in his book indicated that communication could be both productive and destructive to relationships as unhappy couples tend to criticize, disagree, complain, put down, and use excuses and sarcasm. ungratifying communication patterns lead to the development of relationship distress (Markman, 1979). In contrast, happy couples with marital stability and satisfaction are more likely to use lively listening skills, agree, approve, assent, use laughter and humor (Fisher, Giblin, Hoopes, 1982) and possess character virtues of self-restraint, courage, and association (Fowers Olson, 1986). Gottman (1995) has suggested that satisfied couples maintain a five-to-one ratio of positive to negative exchanges in interactions sexual urge also plays an important role in couple communication as there are gender differences in verbal and nonverbal communication with men tending to be more dominant in their interactions and women being more submissive (Tannen, 1990).Emmers-Sommer (2004) studied the effect of communication feature and quantity indicators on satisfaction in relationships. A key term in the study was quality time this refers to focused, uninterrupted time spent with children, partners, friends, and significant others. Another key term used in the study was quantity time this refers to frequency of communication or contact. For individuals to reach relationship satisfaction they have to examine the quantity and quality of their manifestations with their partners. Emmers-Sommer (2004) found that quality of communication predicts both relationship satisfaction and intimacy. The quantity of communication, however, was not a predictor for relationship satisfaction.Concealment/Non- revelation and marital adjustmentDisclosureas a phenomenon was first investigated by Sidney Jourard (1971). The process was originally defined as telling others about the self.Rosenfeld (1979) explained self-divine revelation as the personal info of self that is only available from himself and is not available from other sources.Jorgensen Gaudy (1980) defines self revealing asA process by which a marriage partner ex- presses feelings, perceptions, fears, and doubts of the inner self to the other partner, allowing relatively private and personal information to surface in the relationship that normally would not be revealed in the dividing line of day-to-day interaction.The word conceal has been originated from the Latin work Concelare , celare centre to hide.Merriam Webster defines screening asto prevent disclosure or recognition.Concealment is the activity of hiding information and keeping secrets from other people. Larson and Chastain (1990) explained self concealed personal information as firstly, a subset of private personal information, secondly, it is accessible only to the individ ual and thirdly it is actively kept from the awareness of others. Thus, self-concealment involves the conscious concealment of private information like feelings, thoughts, actions or events that one perceives as highly intimate, distressing or negative.Even though concealment and disclosure seem the same, there is some difference between self-disclosure and self-concealment. According to Larson and Chastain 1990 the act of revealing personal information is self- disclosure whereas the act of privateness personal information is self-concealment. They argued that self-concealment and self-disclosure are two separate and distinct constructs even though they are related.Effects of concealment/non-disclosure on marital adjustmentFeelings of censurePeople commonly resent it when they perceive that another person is keeping secrets from them. The general reaction towards concealment is that of exclusion since in that persons view his right to retire is being violated. This level or degr ee of exclusion felt by a person is higher when these persons are in a close and intimate relationship (Finkenauer, Kerkhof, Righetti, Branje, 2009).Marital relationships are composed of trust, and sharing of intimate thoughts and feelings. They are built upon trust and sharing and they get stronger from these things. in that locationfore the quality of relationship is influenced adversely when there is a perception of concealment from partner. The perception of concealment effects on relationship quality, the person feels rejected or excluded (Finkenauer, Kerkhof, Righetti, Branje, 2009).The exclusion that is communicated by concealment can be assumed to violate almost all features and values commonly associated with close relationships, including trust, caring, honesty, friendship, companionship, unconditional acceptance, and respect (Finkenauer, Kerkhof, Righetti, Branje, 2009).Psychological effectsTo keep secrets or deliberately conceal information from others seems to be pa rt of normal development. Even though every person has secrets they can sometimes be a burden. There are different types of secrets people keep like having cheated on an exam, having a disease, sexual orientation or having been sexually molested as a child. Most of these secrets involve stigmatizing or negative information that usually involves the secret keepers themselves. People who conceal negative or distressing information of self from others as compared to the ones who do not, are more depressed, anxious, shy and have low self-esteem.(Kelly, Klusas, Weiss Kenny, 2001)Effects of Disclosure on marital adjustmentSelf-disclosure and likingThe earliest work done on the relationship between disclosure and liking was by Jourard (1959) who found a positive association between liking the other person and disclosing to that person in a sample of nursing students and faculty. A number of studies have been done on this relationship and confirmed that we disclose more to people whom we l ike. (e.g., Certner,1973, Fitzgerald, 1963 Worthy, Gary, Kahn, 1969) and also we tend to like the people who disclose personal information to us (e.g., Archer, Berg, Runge, 1980 Daher Banikiotes, 1976Taylor, Gould, Brounstein, 1981).Self-Disclosure and psychological well-beingMost of the studies done on the relationship between concealment and psychological well-being have shown the same results which are that higher levels of disclosure are associated with psychological wellbeing and lower levels of disclosure are associated with poorer mental health. Disclosing distressing information helps with the psychological well-being and not disclosing leads to poorer mental health. It is thought that disclosing distressing information helps psychological well-being by reducing the stress of keeping the information to oneself (Ichiyama et al 1993 Cramer, 1999 Barry and Mizrahi, 2005 fling off and Andrews, 2005 Kahn et al 2002).Gender differences and concealmentConcealment is behavior t hat is more common in males. On the other hand previous studies indicate that females are usually more willing to disclose distressing or personal information. Traditionally, discussing personal problems is a behavior that is considered more appropriate for females than for males (Kahn and Hessling, 2001). Among men, asking for help when faced with psychological problems is often perceived as a weakness (Jourard and Lasakow, 1958 West, 1970 Jourard, 1971 Cozby, 1973 Kelly and Achter, 1995 Kahn and Hessling, 2001). Moreover, traditional sex-role stereotypes suggest that females are more skillful in communicating and also are more concerned with issues of intimacy than are men. So an intimate disclosure by a man may be seen as less appropriate than a similar disclosure by a woman (Collins Miller 1994).All in all men who disclose are generally viewed as unbalanced whereas women who do not disclose may be viewed as maladjusted. (Collins Miller 1994).Age and tendencies towards disclos ure/ non-concealmentand in terms of age it has been found that young people are more likely to disclose than older people. (Jourard, 1971 Hook and Andrews, 2005).Literature ReviewLabels such as satisfaction, adjustment, success, happiness, and quality have all been used in describing the quality of marriage (Fincham, Beach, Kemp-Fincham, 1997)Theories on marital adjustment and disclosureSocial sixth sense surmisalMany studies have dealt with self disclosure. One main theory that was a framework for the study is Social Penetration Theory (Altman Taylor, 1987). This theory was a model for the study because it looks at self disclosure as both the depth and the breadth. In this study the depth of self disclosure is an important factor when reaching satisfaction in relationships. Altman and Taylor use an onion as a metaphor for relationship development. They suggest that the onion represents the breadth and depth of self disclosures. On the outer layer of the onion individuals have t he breadth of disclosures a commodious aspect of a person such as their tastes, worldview, and studies. As individuals go deeper into the onion, they get to the depth of disclosures meaning they get more detail on aspects of an individual. This represents the degree of a persons disclosure. The main route to deep social penetration is through individuals disclosures. The depth of penetration would represent the degree of personal disclosure. Altman and Taylor (1987) suggest the depth of penetration into the onion model is the degree of intimacy. This study examines the depth of penetration, breadth is equally important in relationships. This theory supports the idea that people who have a high level of depth in their disclosure will be more satisfied in romantic relationships. This theory does not examine the amount of self disclosure as it does the depth of self disclosure.Three competing models of marital disclosure and satisfactionJorgensen Gaudy (1980) gave models for marital disclosure and satisfaction and tally to Spanier (1976) marital satisfaction is a sub category of marital adjustment.According to the linear model of marital relationship, there exists a positive, linear relationship between marital disclosure and marital satisfaction. Marital relationship is characterized by factors like intimacy, trust and caring. Marital disclosure positively impacts these factors and therefore presence of these factors in a marital relationship systematically increase the level of marital satisfaction. Therefore, this model suggests that higher the level of marital disclosure greater will be the marital satisfaction and immorality versa.The curvilinear model as opposed to the linear model suggests that a satisfying marital relationship exists only with medium levels of self disclosure. When self disclosure falls on the high or low end of the continuum of self disclosure, marital satisfaction will decrease. This means that too lack of self disclosure is not the only factor that results in low marital satisfaction. Extensive self disclosure might be perceived as nagging or too much complaining which might raise negative feelings of hostility in the spouse which in turn will decrease the marital satisfaction. Hence, according to this model moderate levels of self disclosure are characterized as a key factor in achieving high marital satisfaction.John Gottmans (1999) scientifically pass theory of marriage, based on 25 years of longitudinal research, is one of the leading theories in the study of marital satisfaction. Gottmans theory (1999) states that positive interaction and friendship is the key to marital satisfaction and the prediction of marital stability over time. According to Gottman (1999), a ratio of 51 positive to negative interactions is necessary for marital stability. Gottman defines marital stability as a satisfying marital relationship that is not disrupted by separation or divorce. He states, The most important finding was that more positive affect was the only variable that predicted both marital stability and happiness (p. 21).In Gottmans theory (1999), there is a process of what he calls plan bring down in couples. He states, Sentiment override can be either positive or negative. Negative sentiment override means that people have a chip on their shoulder. These types of partners are hypervigilant, looking for slights or attacks by their partner. Positive sentiment override means that even negativity by the partner is interpreted as informative rather than as a personal attack (p. 164). Positive sentiment override creates a milieu in which the partners are more tolerant and accepting of each other, while negative sentiment override creates a set of expectations that ones spouse will behave negatively.Similarly, OLeary and Smith (1991) refer to this phenomenon as cognitive attributional correlates of marital satisfaction. These authors state that distressed couples are less likely to objectively in terpret positive behaviors from their spouses as positive and more likely to interpret the intent of their spouses statements more negatively than they were meant to be. Compared to non-distressed couples, dissatisfied spouses make attributions that cast their partners behavior in a negative light and these attributions in turn negatively influence marital satisfaction (Bradbury Fincham, 1990). In summary, according to Gottman (1999) as well as OLeary and Smith (1991) it is not what happens in the marriage, but how the partners perceive and define what has happened that is critical.Gottman posits that 69% of couples problems will be what he calls, complete(a) problems, meaning largely unresolvable. He has found that in the case of the perpetual problems, it is important for couples to establish a dialogue, as opposed to a solution in these instances. When couples cannot dialogue about these issues, they often become gridlocked, where each partner becomes discomfited and eventuall y emotionally disengaged. The role of communication therefore plays an important role in marital satisfaction.Studies examining marital satisfaction vary in design, measurement, and outcomes, leading to a number of explanations accounting for marital satisfaction (Gottman, 1999).Perception of concealment has an adverse effect on marital relationships. Some researches have been carried out related to this issue. In a longitudinal study it was studied how perceiving concealment in close relationships influences marital well-being. The research showed that people in marital relationships who perceive their partner to be concealing information from them had poor relationships, mistrust and conflict between them. In the study it was also discussed that people who conceal information also perceive that the other person is concealing information from them. Perceiving concealment may give the other partner the impression that he/she is not desirable or cannot be indisputable it gives the o ther person the feelings of being excluded. And the feeling of exclusion may result in feelings of separation or estrangement which may result in marital conflict (Finkenauer et al., 2009).Another study conducted in Belgium has investigated disclosure and secrecy in close, long-term relationships. It showed in the study that secrecy contributed a lot to marital dissatisfaction. The study explains how a person who has a secret avoids a difficult topic rather than facing it to avoid conflict, while the other partner perceives the secrecy as a sign of suspicion, which contributes negatively to marital satisfaction. Another point in the study was that people trying to hide something on the way feel that they have to put on a mask for the other person so he/she doesnt get to know their secret they have to pretend which may lead to less intimacy and closeness. People who felt comfortable with sharing their emotions and were able to talk about matters were more satisfied with their relatio nship. One of the questionnaires used to test their study was the Larson and Chastains (1990) Self- Concealment Scale (Finkenauer Hazam, 2000).Low expressiveness leads to dissatisfaction in a marital relationship. Miller et al. (2003) argued that expressive people are less likely to suffer decline in marital satisfaction. They found that spouses expressiveness was positively related to their own and partners affectionate behaviors and this affectionate behavior was in turn related with marital satisfaction. Expressiveness is positively associated with peoples perception of their partners responsiveness.Davidson, Balswick Halverson (1983) did a study on the Affective Self-Disclosure and Marital Adjustment. It was based upon 162 married couples. The study explains that the greater is the discrepancy in partners affective self-disclosure, the lesser is the individuals marital adjustment. READ total PAPER AND WRITE.Sprecher and Hendrick (2004) examined the relationship between self-d isclosure and relationship quality and found a positive relationship between disclosure and relationship quality. Self-disclosure is an indicator of satisfaction in romantic relationships.Levesque, Steciuk, and Ledley (2002) studied how self-disclosure relates to the development of personal relationships, relational intimacy, and relationship dissolution. The results showed that perceived intimacy was strongly associated with level of self-disclosure. Self-disclosure was found to be strongly reciprocal. Levesque et al. 2002 found that the level of self-disclosure strongly influences individual differences between disclosers.HANSEN E.J SCHULDT J.W (1984) did a study on marital self-disclosure and marital satisfaction. The sample for the study was on a sample of 50 married couples of mean age 25 years and mean length of marriage was 3.18 years and mean education was 15 years. Scales used for measuring the variables were Jourards self disclosure questionnaire( jourard and Lasakow, 195 8) and Spaniers (1976) Dyadic Adjustment Scale. the results of the study showed that wifes disclosure to husband was positively related to husbands marital satisfaction and husbands disclosure to wife was also positively related to husbands marital satisfaction.One predictor that may have particular importance to marital satisfaction is gender roles.According to Kurdek (2005) there are two classes of theories that explain the incline about how men and women experience close relationships in different ways. the first class, that is the biological, posits that males and females in a relationship process events differently at the cardiovascular, endocrinological, immunological, neurosensory, and neurophysiological levels. For suit Kiecolt-Glaser Newton (2001) in their research reviewed evidence showing that men are more physiologically sensitive to acute stressors than women and women showed stronger and more durable physiological changes than men in marital conflict. The other clas s that is the class of social psychological theories posits that both genders differ in ways that are directly relevant to relationship functioning like the structure and content of how the self is constructed, personality traits and socialized roles. The other class that is the class of social psychological theories posits that both genders differ in ways that are directly relevant to relationship functioning like the structure and content of how the self is constructed, personality traits and socialized roles.Other research has also substantiated that marriage disproportionately benefits men, with husbands reporting higher levels of marital satisfaction and well-being than their wives (Bird Fremont, 1991 McRae Brody, 1989 Schumm, Webb, Bollman, 1998).Gender is defined as the socially determined role of an individual that is ascribed as a result of his or her sex (Juni Grimm, 1994). Gender roles influence men and women in every aspect of their lives and relationships (Knox Sch acht, 2000).Demographic characteristics including age, race, income, education, length of marriage, and religiosity, have been linked to marital satisfaction and marital conflict (Knox Schacht, 2000). Based on Gottmans (1999) research, length of marriage is also a significant predictor for marital satisfaction and marital conflict. He identifies two critical time periods of vulnerability in the marital trajectory, with the majority of couples divorcing within the first seven-spot years of marriage. Couples who divorce within the first seven years of marriage have relationships characterized by having high levels of marital conflict. Conversely, a second vulnerable time period for the marital trajectory is 16 to 24 years of marriage. This is the next most likely time frame for couples to divorce. These relationships are characterized by spending little time together, lack of communication, and a lack of conflict expression. Gottman (1999) refers to these couples as two ships passin g in the night.

Essay --

Tribal Rights and S overeignty of the Yakama Nation and Klamath TribesQuinn BuchwaldAP United States Government, 1st PeriodMs. PeckDecember 17, 2013 The Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation is a sovereign Native American tribal entity in Washington State. The tribes reservation is located in southerly Washington State and is east of the Cascade Mountains. The reservation is 2,185.94 square miles and has a population of over 30,000. The tribe itself has almost 11,000 enrolled members. The Yakama Tribe consists of multiple groups of Native Americans, including the Klikitat, Palus, Walla Walla, Wanapam, Wishram, and Yakama. These people have lived here for thousands of years and have developed their own very unique focusing of life and culture. They belong to a larger cultural group known as the Sahaptin people, who live throughout the Columbia River Basin and Plateau in central, eastern, and southern Washington State and in northern Oregon. The Yakama life style was depe ndant on their surroundings and environment. They heavily relied on wildlife, game, and fish for their sustenance, and where solely hunter-gatherer societies before European and American contact. Due to their close connection and reliance on the environment, the Yakama highly respected nature and were always aware of their impact upon it. They believe that everything has a offer and an important place in the natural order.With the expansion the United States into the Pacific Northwest and the rapid encroachment of white settlers into their territory, the Yakama signed the Treaty with the Yakima with the United States governing body in 1855. The Yakama people were able to negotiate for many tribal rights due to their strategic and powerful po... ...es Sovereignty, Ethics, and Data-Sharing Issues. Environmental Health Perspectives 120 (2011) 6-10. Print.The Klamath Tribes. The Klamath Tribes, 2012. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.OFFICIAL station OF THE CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF THE YAKAMA NATION. Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation, 2010. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.A Short History of the Klamath Tribe. A Short History of the Klamath Tribe. The Klamath Tribes, 1985. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.United States. Department of the Interior. National Parks Service. Memorandum on Government-to-Government relations with Native American Tribal Governments. By William J. Clinton. National Parks Service, 4 May 1994. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.United States. Dept. of State. Treaty with the Yakima, 1855. Yakama Nation Archives. Print.YN CHC Yakama History. Yakamamuseum.com. Yakama Nation Museum and Cultural Center, n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.

The Many Faces of Freedom? Essay -- Expository Exemplification Essays

The Many Face of Freedom?Freedom is a concept that people are often willing to die for and it is the cause of much fighting. However, a couple of(prenominal) people ever claim to dislike freedom. This raises an interesting question how can people fight over what is generally considered to be a positive inclination? Does this mean that someone must be against freedom? The answer is that people cannot agree on what freedom is, thus numerous groups can claim to be for freedom while strongly disagreeing on the means by which to achieve it. These groups often argue vehemently and passionately, trying to convince the majority that their side is right. However, perception is only one part of deciding who is more persuasive. I offer two voices of disagreements regarding freedom, as proof that freedom is neither tangible, nor a singular idea.An example of a disagreement ab protrude freedom between two larger groups is offered in Michael Rossmans account of a student protest in The Wedding at bottom the War. Feelings between students and the administration came to a head in an argument regarding tables set up by student organizations to meet new members and pass out information. The administration first restricted the students rights by forcing them to move the tables from the heart of campus to the edge of campus, further from the majority of students. Then, a few years later, the students were told that they were not allowed to have the tables at all (102). Since their campus is a microcosm of the larger government of America, this limiting of their rights frightened them, causing them to react. As a result, they held a demonstration to make these concerns heard. Their main point, as presented in Catch-801 by Marvin Garson was that the University Administ... ...s to be a singular concept. The personal quality of an individuals definition of freedom is also the reason why the students were able to be more persuasive. Their writing contained a sense of personal co ncern, that decisions made regarding freedom would impact each one of them individually. In contrast, political speeches, although concerned more with the majority, spoke more in terms of abstract freedom, which is much less persuasive.Works Cited Garson, Marvin. Catch-801. Takin It to the Streets. New York. NY Oxford University Press, 1995. Reagan, Ronald. Freedom vs. Anarchy On Campus. Takin It to the Streets. New York. NY Oxford University Press, 1995. Rossman, Michael. The Wedding Within the War. Takin It to the Streets. New York. NY Oxford University Press, 1995. Roth, Philip. Goodbye, Columbus. New York. NY lilliputian Books, 1968.