Organizational Influences Essay

_Abstract_ This paper will attempt give explanation to the organizational influences in the workplace that can cause an increase level of stress due to ethical-type decisions and technological advances. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that leadership commitment to excellence begins with the way information is outlined and how decisions directly affect the morale and overall perception of an organization. Hopefully, this paper will succeed in placing value into the critical decisions necessary to develop a strong lasting workforce that is intended to make a positive impression economically and reasonable for an effective learning business environment. _Ethics on Decision Making_ So what is ethical? This _ethical_ argument has had scholars constantly debating to find the real meaning for generations. It is not expected to  understand truly the inner-workings of ethics in this paper; however, as critical as it may seem it is something that needs constant questioning in order to bring out the best quality in everyone to support the organization’s interests. Putting this into perspective at its simplest form, asking what is right or wrong, good or bad would be a good start. Take for instance the value of integrity, an ethical influence on decision making, can affect how the organization is perceived though the public eyes and the networking impact with other organizations. To include ethical qualities in decision making is not exclusive to the private sector, it also requires participation from organizations in the public sector – as in the U.S.Army. Americans pay tribute to Soldiers everyday as they fight for the freedoms that they so much enjoy. As they make very difficult decisions everyday, concerning life or death situations, they follow what is called the Seven Army Values. Among them is integrity; which is described as _Do what’s right, legally, and morally_. This is important for Soldiers to understand this meaning because everything that is done and accomplished is in a teamwork effort that ultimately affects the organization. The success of the mission is heavily reliant to trusting and knowing each other. After working with each other for some time, they find comfort in knowing that in tough situations, individuals can count on their team members for assistance and to _pick up the pieces_. This brings out the quality that is needed to further support the spirit that needs embracing; which creates the ethical quality necessary to keep the team integrity intact. Leaders of all levels have goals and expectations of each other in the business environment which should be clearly defined to our teams. Unfortunately, this is not always the case which weakens the expected ethical quality. When establishing a plan with a clear vision, the fundamental premise of the plan is that each member has an obligation to act in the best interest of the organization and in support of its mission, and must not allow outside activities or financial interests interfere with those obligations. This is a real condition that has huge ramifications because the mere appearances if improper behavior can render unethical acts,  thus opening the door for unwelcome publicity to an organization. Take for instance the recent dealings between Halliburton and the U.S. government. Vice-President Cheney previously served as chief executive officer of Halliburton, a Dallas oil-services giant, which he is currently receiving deferred compensation which the government would not â€Å"specify how large his payment will be this year or how long the payments will continue† (Lazarus 2002). The perceived ethical conflict is clear for it de-values the principles of an organization that is wishes to uphold. This value is integrity, either legal or not, it is a principle that affects an organization’s morale which has a deeper connection of how an organization will further network with others in the pursuit of strategic growth. _Affects of Technology on Stress_ There is no question that technology has changed the way we do business- which includes communications and deliverables. As a result, there are service demands from partners and consumers that must be fulfilled in order to keep competitive and reliability in the fast paced networking environment. Therefore, the technology we rely on adds stress to any organization that wishes to progressively look into improving their efficiency and effectiveness. The advancements in technology is intended to facilitate production and minimize operations costs in order to keep up with the increasing demands. However, with the growing trends of demand and technology, valuable training to use newer forms of technology became a second priority. In addition, people are spending less time with family and working longer hours which have also increased the work-related stress levels. A research conducted by the Kensington Technology Group (1999) stated that â€Å"51 percent of them (employees) report that the possibility of losing documents due to computer crashes† is also a factor to work-related stress. Due to this trend in organizational behavior, the leadership in any organization must realize that they must proactively discuss the usage of technological practicality and not always assume employees will directly complain about work-related stress caused by technological advancements. The leadership team must establish a caring-system for its employees because it ultimately affects their productivity and bottom-line. The operations of the  organization rely on fresh-progressive minds that cannot function under immense levels of poor judgment that results in poor customer care. Some signs that include â€Å"lower commitment, increased conflict and absenteeism† (Davies, 2005) are indicators that employees are not focused on organizational goals, but rather on finding ways to survive another day. _Leadership Responsibilities_ As organizational leaders understand that technological advancements is the way of the competitive future, one of the first steps to ensure competitiveness is to furnish and properly train their employees with that technology. In doing so, initiating new systems into the workplace must be communicated in ways that explains why the changes are necessary allowing the opportunity to minimize any confusion or misinterpretation that is intended to build a stronger and more efficient organization. The importance of training employees in technological usage makes simple business sense. According to the National Small Business Association (NSBA, 2006) it estimates â€Å"one-third of companies (37%) are engaged in e-commerce, including 52% of businesses in the retail industry and 50% of those in manufacturing†; meaning that the use of technology is a critical component of networking, coordinating and marketing to the wide range of consumers. Of the organizations surveyed by NSBA, 89% of them will rely on technological advancements for strategic growth. Setting an internal training program is an option that can create an enhanced and developed employee on technical skills necessary to focus on potential organizational needs rather than reacting to increased stress levels and technological support concerns. _Conclusion_ The information provided by this paper demonstrates the necessity of competent leaders to measure influential effectiveness of a decision by creating an optimal working environment that would facilitate a long lasting impression for future opportunities. Therefore, ethical decision making and leveraging mitigating stress factors is a way to minimize negative impacts that yield high organizational costs such as reduction of effort by  employees to complete tasks, perceptions and strategic support that would otherwise be a fundamental business approach for success. Reference: Bodwell, D.J. (2002). High performance teams. Retrieved October 12, 2007, from the High Performance Teams Website: http://ptcpartners.com/Team/home.htm Davies, R. (2005). Don’t stress. Engineering Management, 15(1), p 20-23. Retrieved October 14, 2007, from University of Phoenix EBSChost Database Kensington Technology Group. (1999). Technology increases workplace stress, tipping the scales of work-life balance. BusinessWire. Retrieved October 12, 2007, from the BusinessWire Website: http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Technology+Increases+Workplace+Stress,+Tipping+the+Scales+of+†¦-a055407271 Lazarus, David (2002). Conflict of interest for vice president? Retrieved October 12, 2007, from the San Francisco Chronicle Website: http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2002/11/03/BU231196.DTL McCracken, T. & Willey, G.(2007). NSBA: survey of small and mid-sized businesses. National Small Business Association. Retrieved October 14, 2007, from http://www.nsba.biz/docs/surveynewfinal.pdf

Ethical Analysis of Baby Theresa Essay

Baby Theresa is a very unique case. Theresa Ann Campo Pearson was an infant born in Florida 1992, with Anencephaly, which is where the two most important parts of the brain are missing, the cerebrum and cerebellum, as well as the top of the skull. Without these parts of the brain she would never have had higher brain functions or consciousness. However, there is still a brain stem connected so all the autonomic functions are still working, such as having a heart beat and breathing. Anencephaly is known as one of the worst congenital disorders, thus these cases are usually detected during pregnancy and aborted. If not aborted, half are stillborn or if born alive, they usually die within a few days. In Baby Theresa’s case, she died nine days after birth. Even though, knowing that Baby Theresa would not live long and never have a conscious life, her parents requested that her organs would not go to waste, but instead be donated for transplants for other infants in need before Theresa’s natural death. In fact, even physicians agreed that was a good idea because over 2000 infants need transplants each year. Unfortunately, the state of Florida prohibits euthanasia and that the organs only be removed when natural death occurs. Eventually, within the nine days Baby Theresa organs decayed and were not used because the Circuit Court Judge Estella Moriarty ruled that a Florida statute does not allow a person to be declared dead while any part of the brain is functioning. The judge told the parents: â€Å"I can’t authorize someone to take your baby’s life, however short, however unsatisfying, to save another child. † Which brings me to my first ethical argument, â€Å"It’s wrong to kill†. According to Immanuel Kant and his Kantian deontological theory, the principle of morality and our perfect duties, which one happens to be â€Å"it’s wrong to kill an innocent person†, comes from the categorical imperative. Kant states in the text on page 18 that, â€Å"act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end. † This is basically saying you always respect another person’s dignity. Thus, from a  Kantian standpoint, it is wrong to kill Theresa and take her organs to save others because then they would be using her merely as a means to other infants’ ends. However, to play devils advocate, â€Å"using a person† typically means you are violating their autonomy- their right to live and decide for themselves according to their own desires and values. With that being said, Baby Theresa was not autonomous because she had no consciousness, she had no ability to ever decide what was in her best interest and desire. So, technically, the Judge of the circuit court was not respecting the parents’ dignity of wanting to donate Theresa’s organs. For that reason, D. W Ross’s theory should have been taken into consideration. Indeed, I understand why the judge decided to make the ruling she did because if she did allow the physicians to take Theresa’s life before natural death took its course, it would have possibly undermined all physicians as untrustworthy, which could have ruined the patient-physician relationship. However, even though her ruling was very understandable, an important and very valuable theory should not have been over looked with a case as exceptional as this one, the Prima Facie Duty. W. D Ross explains when to consider this theory on page 23 that, â€Å" to provide a defensible account of â€Å"cases of conscience,† that is, situations that confront us with a conflict of duties. † Meaning when a person is uncertain and unsettled, but still must make a decision, but yet does not know which direction to go, you make a Prima Facie Duty. Ross then went on to explain that, â€Å"a Prima Facie Duty can be overridden by another Prima Facie Duty that in a particular set of circumstances is more stringent. With that being said, the duty of justice and the duty of beneficence can both be applied here because the Judge should have respected the parents’ religion and wishes, in their time of distress, to make their own personal decisions with their daughter by making other beings in the world conditions better. Also, the â€Å"it’s wrong to kill an innocent person† argument can be debated as well. Yes, I agree, it is wrong to kill a person to save another person, but there are exceptions, like what even makes a person, a person? Should Baby Theresa be considered a person? Research shows that all people have minds and all minds are capable of conscious mental activity, which Baby Theresa did not any thoughts or feelings, she was basically just breathing, so she should not have been considered as a person by these terms. Indeed, many infants could have benefitted from Baby Theresa’s organs, leading me to believe that the Utilitarianism theory was the correct approach to take for this case. In fact, when Jeremy Bentham created the Utilitarianism theory, he also made a point to focus on the consequences as much as the positive outcomes, which was called the Hedonistic Calculus. The Hedonistic Calculus is like a compare and contrast graph to weigh out the pleasures and pains of a situation because his main principle was, â€Å"act to promote the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest amount of people and less suffering to the less amount of people† and pleasure is the only value in the world based on the hedonism. With this in mind, if the parents were happy with making other families happy by giving their child organs for a good cause without technically harming or killing Baby Theresa, they ought to do so and that is what Ethics is all about, what you ought to do in a dilemma. Where as, on the other hand, by not allowing the organs to be donated for transplants, not only was the Judge dissatisfying Theresa parents wishes, she was possibly causing a larger chain reaction of disappointment and agony to the other families who would have been grateful and appreciative of Theresa organs, rather than allowing them to decay, causing pain to multiple parties. Ultimately, this case is a tricky one because I fully understand both the Kantian Theory plus the Utilitarianism and Consequentialist theory, but I see absolutely no benefits from overriding the parents’ beliefs and wishes of wanting to donate Theresa’s kidneys, liver, heart, lungs, and eyes because overall, many children could have tremendously benefitted from them.

Notes Experimental Psych Overview

Sociology Biology Chemistry Physics Astronomy Anthropology Psychology Others Outer circle (CO) : Art Music Literature Language Solvable and unsolvable Problems Solvable problem- one which poses a question that can be answered with the use of normal capacities (answers questions under the inner and outer circle) Unsolvable problem – raises a question that is unanswerable. This concerns supernatural phenomena (falling under Metaphysical disciplines) Science is Empirical (Observable) Solvable problems are susceptible to empirical solution by studying observable vents Science Defined 1 .Sciences apply the scientific method to solvable problems 2. Dullness's In the CO don't use the SMS but their problems are typically solvable 3. The dullness's outside the circles neither use the SMS nor pose solvable problems C] Science is the application of the SMS to solvable problems. Psychology as a Science Psychology Is Materialistic, Objective and Deterministic If psychology Is ever to becom e a science, It must follow the example of the physical sciences: it must be materialistic, mechanistic, deterministic, objective. -WatsonMaterialism (Same as Physicality) – observable responses, physical events Objectivity – the principle of intersecting reliability Intersecting- two or more people share the same experiences Determinism- the assumption that there is lawfulness Experimentation is the most powerful research method 0 Psychology became a science by applying the SMS to solvable problems. Psychological experimentation is an application of the SMS Stating the Problem and Hypothesis Testing the Hypothesis 1. Select participants 2. Randomly assign to groups 3. Randomly assign groups to condition/treatment . Experimental group given a novel treatment b.Control group given normal treatment 4. Define the IV 5. Define the DVD 6. Control relevant EVE 7. Conduct statistical tests 8. Generalize and explain the hypothesis 9. Predict new situations Terms 1 . Replicatio n – an additional experiment is conducted but with the same process 2. Stimuli – aspects of the external environment 3. Response – aspects of behavior 4. S-R Laws – if a certain environmental characteristics is changed, behavior of a certain type also changes 5. Variable – anything that can change in amount 6. Independent variable – manipulated, treatment, investigation 7. Dependent variable – measure of any change in behavior 8.Continuous variable – capable of changing by any amount 9. Discontinuous variable – assume only numerical values that differ by clearly defined steps without intermittent values possible 10. Hypothesis -tentative solution to problem Functions of Apparatus 1. To administer experimental treatment 2. To collect data 3. To reduce experimenter influences 4. To analyze data specifically Conducting Statistical Tests Chance difference Reliable difference Real 0 statistically reliable Accidental 0 due onl y to chance Significant 0 reliable (Preferable) Confirmed 0 probably true Discontinued 0 probably false it can be measured. J.B. Watson – If psychology is ever to become a science, it must follow the example of the physical sciences: it must be materialistic, mechanistic, deterministic, and objective. Chapter 2 – The Problem Problem Scientific inquiry starts when we have already collected some knowledge but there is something we still do not know Ways Problem is Manifested 1 . When there is a noticeable gap in the results of investigations Students conducting thesis are reading related literature so their storehouse of information is filled with new knowledge 2. When the results of several inquiries disagrees The results are contradicting 3.When a fact exists in the form of unexplained information When a new theory explains a fact, it also explains other phenomena, because theories are general that it can explain many facts Defining a Solvable Problem 1. The proposed s olution is Testable 2. The proposed solution is Relevant to the problem A. What is a testable hypothesis? A. If it is possible to determine that it is either true or false B. Knowledge is expressed in the form of propositions a. The requirement that knowledge can occur only in the form of a statement is critical for the process of testability. C.Degree of Probability Instead of True or False Kinds of Possibilities 1 . Presently attainable – the possibility is within our power at the present time 2. Potentially attainable – possibilities that may come within the powers of people at some future time Classes of Testability 1 . Presently testable – related with Presently attainable 2. Potentially testable – related to Potentially attainable Working Principle for the Experimenter . Applying the criterion of Testability a. Do all the variables contained in the hypothesis actually refer to empirically observable events? B.Is the hypothesis formulated in such a w ay that it is possible to relate it to empirically observable events and render a decision on its degree of probability? Term: determine the degree of probability for them. Unsolvable Problems The Unstructured Problem Inadequately defined terms and the operational definition Solution Through Operational Definitions Operational definitions – one that indicates that a certain phenomenon exists, and sees so by specifying precisely how the phenomenon is measured Operations – adequate definitions of the variables with which a science deals are a prerequisite to advancement.Initiated by P. W. Abridgment in 1972 Impossibility of Collecting Relevant Data Vicious circularity renders problems unsolvable Additional considerations Problems should be technologically or theoretically important Problems of the impasse variety should be avoided unless creative solutions are possible Psychological reactions to problems- we should emphasize a truth criterion and not dismiss a discovery only because it is disturbing

Political Typology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Political Typology - Research Paper Example Barack Obama is the 44th president of the United States and a democrat in practice (Gormley, p.205). He is the first African American President in the United States after practicing law and holding a senatorial position early that ushered him into the current political position he holds. Currently, his position represents democrats. The history that he has a civil rights attorney represents his position on promotion of peace and constitutionalism in all aspects of the American people (Michael & Schraufnagel, p.65). The development through the political ranks has had President Obama grow his support from the Democrats that yielded into a political victory that saw him elected president. Looking at the works of President Obama in office, there is a resonance of the democrat’s approach to management that seeks to establish peace rather than employing military approaches to safeguarding the country. The recent utterances on the attack over the terrorism incident in Paris allowing refugees to continue moving to the United States despite the terrorism fear have indicated the approach of Democrats more as peace loving people that do not depend on military approaches in supporting the development of the country’s political arena (Roberts & McCarthy). Foreign policy includes Obama’s approach to the war in Iraq by ending the war and any involvement of the United States in Iraq. Democrats advocate for peace by ensuring that all avenues that indicate to war are approached with a friendly approach.

Landmark Decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Landmark Decisions - Essay Example Maine was admitted as a free state, so the Senate remained equally stacked between free and slave states. Ostensibly, the line drawn at 36 degrees 30 feet of the territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase would forever preclude slavery from existing within their boundaries. Three decades later, on May 30, 1854, Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the controversy over slavery in the territories was reopened. Congress tried repeatedly to organize a single territory for the area west of Missouri and Iowa, but was unsuccessful. Stephen O. Douglas of Illinois introduced a bill dividing the land into two territories. His proposal left the issue of free state or slave state up to the people. Thus, ushering in the concept of â€Å"popular sovereignty†. Paul Finkelman in Dred Scott v. Sanford, A Brief History with Documents, describes the debates, the bickering and how the displeasure fermented among the pro and anti-slavery proponents, as the residents of Kansas became vi olently divided over the free state or slave state issue. He goes on to describe how the concept of â€Å"popular sovereignty†, was proving to be a nemesis, as the pro slavery and anti slavery proponents engaged each other in many guerilla warfare battles. He speaks of how Kansas became known as â€Å"bleeding Kansas†. (Finkelman)

Current Event paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Current Event paper - Essay Example There has been an emergence of longitudinal evidence showing that legal unions of same-sex marriages are likely to remain in a committed relationship. It is suggested that legalized relationship status often impact positively on the longevity of the relationship over time. Scientific research has not found any evidence that would justify the likelihood of discrimination against same-sex couples. In comparison to the heterosexual couples, it has been proven through scientific research studies that same-sex marriage is less stable. However, the ABA policy has remained consistent in its assurance that same-sex couples are healthy, functioning societal contributors who should not be discouraged or discriminated upon. There has been a consistent urge to the society to eliminate the stigma and discrimination against same-sex marriage. There has been a lot of grappling for over twenty years on the question of extension of legal rights and protections for same-sex couples. State courts and legislatures have been considering the issue of equality that is pertinent in the constitution as they are aligning the laws pertaining to same-sex marriages (Hull, 2006). The topic of same-sex marriage has been a thorny issue for over a long period in the American society. There has been concern over the issue for a long period on the issue since it seems to go against the human and religious morals of all the religions all over the world. On religious principles across different religions, marriage is viewed as a platform of childbearing and upbringing. As such it is only prudent for people of opposite sex to marry and bear children. Same-sex couples do not have the will power to raise children live alone to bear. As a child grows, he/she will be contented with the fact that he/she was born by a mother and a father. From the names alone the child would naturally believe that the mother is female, and the father is male. How would a child, who is barely getting to

GLOBAL CHANGE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

GLOBAL CHANGE - Essay Example He argues that some of these skeptics are using a lot of money in their goal to attract scientist to come up with findings that favor their argument. This serves as a precaution on whoever takes these skeptics serious in their arguments on global warming. These skeptics, majority who are non scientist also set up some obscure arguments trying to defend the causes of global warming. They are shamelessly claiming out that the current global warming experienced is usually as a result of increase in the amount of radiation coming from the sun (Dixon& Weaver, 2009). This clearly shows their hidden agendas on why they are opposing the scientific facts on causes of global warming. Facts stand that the sun only warms the earth surface only a third of a watt per square meter. This effect is minimal compared with the impact of the green house gases that human beings have emitted. It is estimated that these green house gases warm the earth about three watts per square meter. This simply means that these green house gases emitted by human beings are three times detrimental to the climate as opposed to the sun effect (Dixon& Weaver, 2009). The arguments brought out by these skeptics in their attempt to counter scientific facts and findings are so vague. So the world should be extremely careful when dealing with the arguments of these skeptics on global warming. Majority of the skeptics are out to cause confusion on the attempt by scientist to address the problem of global warming; thus they should be entirely

German Population Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

German Population - Essay Example (Central Intelligence Agency, 2008) Another reason is that it was very active in World War I and II and as a result, it got separated into two regions, West Germany and East Germany. By the studying the population change over the last 50 years, we will be able to find out how this separation affected the population distribution. Another factor which makes Germany stand out and ideal for this case study is the fact that Germany is listed as the host of the third-highest percentage of international migrants worldwide. (United Nations Population Fund, 2006) Besides this, Germany's population is changing in a way where the birthrates are much lower than the death rates which is causing the population to age. Therefore, studying this will help us learn a lot about one of the most pressing problems for countries all over the world. These were all the facts that made Germany ideal for a population change case study. I also have a few personal reasons for why I have selected Germany as my country under study. Firstly, every year I hear about Berlinale, F1 race, Internationales Beethovenfest and Oktoberfest, which are makes me very interested in Germany. However, the main reason for choosing Germany is that a few of my friends and I are planning to go Germany for a vacation after this spring term, so this assignment is a great chance for me to discover more about Germany before I go there. Germany also has alot of amazing buildings, such as Neuschwanstein Castle, which was built by Knig Ludwig II based on the idea of a fairly tales castle. Therefore, I'm really interested in Germany, as it is a place with so much things to learn about. Introduction According to the July 2008 estimates, the population of Germany is approximately 82,315,548. (Central Intelligence Agency, 2008) The total population figure has also been falling recently. In 1958, the population of Germany was 72,031,000. Out of these, 54,719,000 were in West Germany while 17,312,000 were in East. As we can see, the population has risen by approximately 10,284,548 since then.However, if we look at the yearly trends, the population growth rate fluctuated a lot. The population growth rate was not positive through out. From 1958 the population change rate has been mostly increasing, although, there have been years when this rate was negative. There has been no drastic percentage change in the population throughout these 50 years. The maximum increase has been 1 percent and the maximum decrease has been 0.5 percent. From 1950 till 1973, the population kept on increasing. This pattern change when the population started to fall till 1985. Then it started to increase agai n, reached its maximum in 2003 and since then it has been falling. (Population Reference Bureau)Also, another change can be seen in the distribution on population within East and West Germany. In 2006, the population in West Germany was 65,667,000 and the population of East Germany was 16,648,000. As we compare this with 1958's data, we notice that the population in West Germany has increased while the population in East Germany has decreased. (Federal Statistical Office, 2007) Factors Affecting Population and Change The projection of population carried out by the Federal Statistical Office show that the population will keep on falling in future and by 2050, the lower limit of the expected population will

Battle Of Midway (WWII) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Battle Of Midway (WWII) - Research Paper Example 44). He wanted to destroy the American carrier fleet. With the advantage of big numbers of navy and of good quality he planned to confuse the Americans with a diversion attack at the coast of Alaska hence the Americans drew to the north and launched his attack on the island of Midway the next day1. Into an ambush the Americans ran to the south hence he used the Midway Island as an Allied air base. Commanders’ intent/ scheme of maneuver for both sides Commander’s intent captures the commanders thinking, assessments and guidance on the concept of battle operations. This mostly is what brings out the result in a battlefield. If he acts too slowly, his coordination, and mental preparedness determines the outcome of the war. Imperial Japanese Navy was under three admirals namely Isoroku Yamamoto, Chuichi Nagumo and Nobu take Kondo. The United States Navy also had three admirals namely Chester Nimitz, Frank Jack Fletcher, and Raymond A. Spruance. Yamamoto had the advantage of numbers against the Americas Chester Nimitz naval. The Americas still had few ships and their strength was coming down slowly and this gave Yamamoto confidence that he was going to defeat them. Nevertheless, Chester gained advantage over the Japanese out of deciphering the Japanese radio code by his intelligence team. With this advantage the Americans were able to know that Yamamoto’s target was at the Midway. Japanese had no idea that their radio calls were being trapped and being listened to, Yamamoto kept on giving his navy directions through the radio because they were scattered all over. The Japanese relied on a sub-marine air reconnaissance to locate the Americans carriers at the Pearl Harbor where they would sink them when they responded (Kernan. 73). Due to the tapping of the radio calls by the Americans they knew about this plan and they spoiled the reconnaissance and the submarine ambush did not ambush their fleet, and therefore the Alaskan diversion placed by the Japanese proved to be no resourceful because the Americans ignored it. Yamamoto believed that Chester had at least two carriers as maybe they had sunk the USS Yorktown at the Coral Sea. Chester had repaired the damaged ships at the Pearl Harbor2. Still there was a great imbalance in the two fleets when it came to the machinery. Chester had in two task force, three carriers, eight cruisers and fifteen destroyers. Yamamoto on the other hand had the advantage of 4 large and 2 medium carriers, 11 battleships with many cruisers and destroyers in his amphibious task force in which he sorted to capture Midway. Strategic, Operational and Tactical setting of the battle The setting for the battle was interesting and came with a lot of force and intelligence. Yamamoto had divided his task force into three divisions namely the invasion force, the battle fleet and the four big carriers. The carrier group operated in close order and it was commanded by admiral Nagumo who led them for an attack at the Pearl Harbor. The problem was that these three groups were at a distance from each even for mutual support. Chester put his entire stake on his intelligence because engaging in a direct contact would see him defeated and looses the remaining task force. He strengthened the air units on the Midway by using the island as aircraft carrier

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 71

History - Essay Example Another reason why the Peloponnesian War was a defining moment in the Greek history is that it resulted in devastating economic costs that caused wide spread poverty across both the Peloponnese and Athens. Athens was completely devastated and the city state was never able to regain its pre-war prosperity. The weakened Greek city states became vulnerable to attacks by Persia and Macedonia and were eventually conquered by King Philip of Macedonia. Lastly, unlike the Persian war, the Peloponnesian War brought a number of social changes in Greece. For example, after the war, civil wars became a common occurrence in ancient Greece thereby resulting in devastation and complete destruction of ancient Greek cultures, whole cities, depopulation and the eventual end of the ancient golden age of Greece (Thucydides, 1.1 pg. 15). In conclusion, although the Persian war had a number of effects including the signing of the thirty years of peace, the Peloponnesian remains the most defining moment in the history of the ancient Greek. I therefore, agree with I agree with the assessment of Thucydides that Peloponnesian Wars were the most important wars in the Greek

Commercialization of Product & Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Commercialization of Product & Services - Essay Example It's only after such an analysis that the managers can decide when, how and where to launch their new product. This essay seeks to expound on the implications of launching a new product internationally in terms of commercialization. Degeeter (2004) suggests that before any form of commercialization, there is a need to invoke a strategic plan in order to define the new product in all dimensions. The product being launched into the market wisely identified based on the intention of the subject company. There is a need to come up with a unique product that the company can sustain in the long term in the market. Many economists have recommended the funnel model as the best for identifying a product that can be fully accepted in the market. According to the funnel model, the planning stage should begin by coming up with many ideas regarding possible goods or services and then narrowing down to one specific product by eliminating those that seem unappreciable. At the stage of elimination, the best product is identified by identifying the key characteristics of the products that will make it thrive in the international market. For instance, non-perishable goods and services are more acceptable for long distance transport than perishable goods. Launching, the final stage of product development during a commercialization process, is the most sensitive stage while introducing a new product and especially in foreign market. Launching occurs only when the company has certified that the new product will satisfy the standards that are deemed fit internationally. When the product has been launched into the market, there is never a point to turn back and hence the company has to prepare adequately before launching their product (Vijay, 2009: Han, 2008). International market requires that the market be standardized before it’s forwarded into the various target countries. The international market is characterized by different tastes that may vary from culture to culture, country to country or even from one continent to another. In standardization, there is need to understand the preferences that exists in the different foreign markets in order to come up with a product that will suit every person in the market. At this stage, there is need to conduct a reconnaissance pilot marketing that will assist in the comprehension of the customer value. Dave (2011) suggests that successful products are only those that solve the problems of many people in the global market. Effective entry models in global launch plans are necessary during commercialization process. One of the optimization mechanisms includes the proper timing of the launching period in order to hit the market when the demand of the new product is at a peak (Butler & Gibson, 2011). To do this, there is a need to evaluate the economic trend during the time of launching. The economy of any country has a great influence on the demand of any particular good as it determines the purchasing power of the people. The process of commercialization is expensive especially if the product requires to be rolled out into foreign markets. A lot of money is consumed in the planning, preparation and production stage and hence there is need to enter the market at a time when the returns are expected to be high. Most researchers have proposed that the best time to enter a market is when the economy of the country it at its peak on the ground that

Fourth Amendment Issue Essay Example for Free

Fourth Amendment Issue Essay Bailey v. United States In this paper I will be discussing the case of Bailey v. United states. First we will be looking to see all the facts of this case to get a clear view of the issue at hand. Then well cover what the issue is for this case, and why it would be an issue in accordance to the Fourth Amendment. I will make a stance in this paper about if I think the issue at hand is or isnt a violation of the Fourth Amendment. The decisions of all the courts will be looked at, and their reasonings. These sort of cases are important to the ever living and breathing document that is the Constitution because cases like hese help change, form, and update (so to speak) the rights that we are afforded according to the United States. On July 28th, 2005 the police of Suffolk County received information via a confidential informant that he had purchased drugs. The drug deal was for the amount of six grams of crack cocaine. During the drug deal the informant described that he had seen a firearm in the apartment. The apartment was separate space ofa house located in the basement of 103 Lake Drive in Wyandanch, New York. The information gave further details as such. The exact description of the person he had urchased the guns from; [a] heavy set black male with short named known as Polo. Oustice. org, page 2) The informant also gave the exact details of the type and description of the gun that he had seen in the apartment which was a handgun. On the same day the police went to the Judge on call to obtain a warrant. After proving the credibility of the informant they were able to obtain a no-knock warrant. A no-knock warrant is given when there is an idea that the police going to execute a warrant might be harmed or if there is a chance that the evidence expected to be ollected could be destroyed. The search warrant specified the basement apartment as the location to be searched, and items to be retrieved were the handgun and any ammunition to go along with it. A single Detective was given the task of watching the apartment while the warrant was being obtained to ensure that the officers that were going to execute the warrant would know if any one was in the apartment, and if so how many. The affiant then went to the scene while the search unit got ready to execute the warrant. While they were watching the house the two of them itnessed two individuals that could meet the description of the the informants description of Polo exit from the basement apartment and get into a car. The two officers followed the car fora few blocks before pulling over the vehicle. After the car was stopped the officers asked the two occupants to step out of the vehicle and proceeded to pat them down. After the two identified themselves, the officers confirmed the driver was the Polo, and the occupant was a friend he was driving home. During the stop the officer searched the pockets and found a set of keys in Polos front pocket. Polo explained the keys were to his apartment. The officer then office stated that he was being detained not arrested incident to the search warrant of the apartment. The officer put the two men into a patrol car that was called in and they were driven to the apartment. The second surveillance officer drove Polos car back to the apartment while the first drove the undercover car. By the time they all reached the apartment again the search unit had already entered the home, executing the warrant. A gun and drugs were in plain view when they had entered the apartment. It was then that the Polo and Middleton were arrested. The keys that were found in the front pocket were also seized incident to his arrest along with two addition guns outside the one in plain view, many rounds of ammunition, a bullet proof vest, 40 grams of crack cocaine,39 grams of powder cocaine, drug paraphernalia, and several documents with the petitioners name on them. Several boxes of personal items that indicated someone had recently moved into the apartment. The police officers also had tried the keys they had seized from Polo and found that one of the keys opened the door to the apartment. It was in April 2006 that Bailey, Polo, was indicted on the multiple counts for having both drugs and firearms in his apartment. The questioned issue here can be clarified by this statement presented in the government brief. Whether the Fourth Amendment permitted police officers, incident to the execution of a valid search warrant for a deadly weapon at a private residence, to detain an occupant who left the immediate vicinity of the premises, when the detention was conducted as soon as reasonably practicable. (americanbar. org). The issue seems to be the fact they the pair were ot in the direct vicinity of the place to be searched when they were initially stopped and detained, nor was the warrant being executed when they were pulled over. The key and the statements were the only things that could absolutely tie the petitioner to the apartment and the drugs and firearms found within it. Bailey moved to suppress the evidence of the key that was seized, and his conversation with the two officers during his stop under the argument that they had illegally detained him. The court said this was a legal stop using the case of Michigan v. Summers (452 U. S. 692 1981)) as an explanation as to why the police had a right to detain Bailey. There are three points to the Summers case that explain why an officer may detain someone during execution of a search warrant; those being officer safety, aiding the completion of the search, and preventing flight if incriminating evidence is found (ohioattorneygeneral. gov). The first issue of officer safety is considering the fact that people within the residence may being riled and rise up and try to harm the officers in effort to conceal or destroy evidence (law. cornell. edu). Secondly the dea of aiding officers to complete the search claims those that would be detained, if they were not occupants [might] wander around the premises, [and] there is the potential for interference with the execution of the search warrant. They can hide or destroy evidence, seek to distract the officers, or simply get in the way. (law. ornell. edu) Lastly on this seemingly three pronged test when it comes to the Summers case, is the prevention of flight if evidence is found. It is because of the prosecution using this cases three pronged test to determine the validity of etaining someone during a search that I take a stand on the side of the defense and say that the detention of Bailey is something that unlawful and violated his fourth particular car is was not. There a re many reasons why, but I can simply look at the three prong test and clearly shred two of their prongs to pieces. There was no real reason for them to pull Bailey over after he left his home and because they did the key they found on his person during the pat down and the confessions he made to the officers are something that should have been left out of the trial. When it comes o the first prong of the Summers test in comparison of the Bailey case it is ridiculous to even believe that from nearly a mile down the road that Bailey would have been able to affect the safety of the officers. It was argued that if they had stopped Bailey just outside the apartment people within the apartment could have been notified of the police and they could have been ready to harm the officers, since it was suspected that weapons were in the home. This is true, however if this were the case why did they not simply stop him as soon as he got around the corner? The second art of the three is the fact that there could be an instance where those in the home being searched could go around and destroy evidence or even hide it. I agree that the police can do their Job far more effectively, and search more thoroughly, if they dont have to keep an eye on those inside a home. However how can this even apply to Bailey? Bailey and the other person that had been in his house were no longer in it. There was no threat that Bailey nor his companion would have been able to hinder the execution of the search warrant. So to me this prong absolutely does not pply in this case. The final result of the Summers prong is that the person in question could become a flight issue if there were evidence found during the search. This is true, Bailey could have fled and become a flight risk if someone were to tip him off that there were cops searching his apartment. However, this is true of any search warrant ever. This is too broad ofa point when it comes to the detention of people. Does this mean that ten miles across town if a search warrant is being executed that they have a right to find you wherever you are until they are finish with heir search? If not circumscribed, the rationale of preventing flight would Justify, for instance, detaining a suspect who is 10 miles away, ready to board a plane. The interest in preventing escape from police cannot extend this far without undermining the usual rules for arrest based on probable cause or a brief stop for questioning under standards derived from Terry. (law. cornell. edu) So in closing I absolutely agree that the detention of Bailey in this case was unlawful and one hundred percent violated his fourth amendment rights. When this ase first went to court this petition to withhold the keys and confession was denied by the District court, and The Second Circuit agreed on this finding.

Examining the gender inequalities at work

Examining the gender inequalities at work Many feminists concentrate on gender inequality, particularly inequality in paid employment. Postmodernists place little emphasis on paid work, but both Marxist feminist and liberal feminists see employment opportunities as crucial to understanding gender inequalities. Liberal feminists have argued that a combination of legislation and changed attitudes can open up economic opportunities for women. Equal opportunity legislation In 1970 the Equal Pay Act legislated that women should be paid the same as men for doing the same or broadly similar work. In 1984 an amendment stipulated that women should get equal pay for work of equal value. The 1975 Sex Discrimination Act made discrimination on the grounds of sex illegal in employment, education and the provision of goods and services. Legislation was further strengthened by the 2006 Equality Act required all public bodies to take an active role in removing illegal discrimination against women. Despite these changes in the law, and considerable increases in recent years in the proportion of women who work in Britain, women remain disadvantaged at work: The proportion of the labour force who are female has risen considerably. In 1971 92% of men of working age were employed and 56% of women. By 2005 80% of men were employed and 70% of women (Social Trends 2006, p.52). In 2005 42% of women were part-time workers and 10% of men. In 2004 67% of women with dependent children worked (Social Trends 2006, p.54). Gender and earnings Women continue to be less well paid than men. In 1970 women working full-time earned 63% of the average full-time male wage; by 2005 they were still only getting 82% of the average male wage (EOC, 1997, 2002a; New Earnings Survey 2005). Horizontal segregation where men and women tend to have different types of job also continues. Women tend to be employed in areas such as personal services, administration, hotels and restaurants. Most routine clerical and secretarial workers are women, as are most primary teachers. Men tend to dominate in areas such as manufacturing, construction and transport. The proportion of women managers and professionals has increased recently. The Women and Work Commission (2006) found 75% of pharmacists, 40% of accountants, almost 50% of lawyers and over 30% of doctors were women. The Equal Opportunities Report (2006) reveals the absence of women in elite positions across a number of occupations, and comments that at the present rate of progress it would 50 years before half of top directors were women and 200 years before women were equally represented in the House of Commons, whereby as many female MPs as male MPs. Vertical segregation continues i.e. men predominate in higher paid jobs whilst women predominate in lower paid ones. For example, in 2005 83% of directors and chief executives were men, 74% of waiting staff were women. Men predominate in all the higher paid lobs except personnel, training and industrial relations managers; while women predominate in all the lower-paid jobs except sports and leisure assistants, where the number of men and women are equal. Generally, the more senior the position, the lower the proportion of women. According to the Equal Opportunities Commission report Sex and Power: Who Runs Britain? (EOC, 2006), women are under-represented in elite positions. In 2004 only 9% of senior judges, 10% of senior police officers and 13% of national newspaper editors were women. Women held only 10.5% of the directorships of the FTSE 100 companies and 19.7% of MPs and 27.3% of cabinet ministers were female. Although most teachers are female, in 2004 only 31.8% of head teachers were women. In 2005, less than 1% of senior ranks in the armed forces and only 10.2% of senior police officers were female. The report notes some improvements in the representation of women but calculates that at current rates of change it would take 40% before 50% of top directors were female, and 200 years before there were as many female as male MPs. LINK SOCIAL WORK TO ABOVE.+REPHRASE MUCH OF ABOVE/SUMMARISE/CUT+CARE SECTOR STATISTICS Explanations for gender inequalities Textbook pp. 124-131 Functionalism Human capital theory suggests that women are less valuable to employers than men because they are less committed to work and more likely to take career breaks to raise children. This gives employers less incentive to promote women and invest in their training. However, a study by Peter Sloane (1994) found that gender continued to influence pay even when qualifications and experience were taken into account. Catherine Hakim preference theory Hakim (2004) argues that women now have more choice, and inequality stems from personal preference. Women have better labour market opportunities than ever before due to amongst others the contraceptive revolution from about 1965. The equal opportunities revolution and the expansion of white collar occupations as well as the expansion of jobs for secondary earners. This has led, according to Hakim, to the emergence of three types of women: Adaptive women who combine both paid work and family. This group is about two thirds of women who seek flexible or part-time work. Another type is described as work-centred women, these women are a minority who focus on career and fit family life around it, this group is less than 20% of women, so men will continue to dominate the workplace. Finally, home-centred women are women who prefer not to work. This group is about 20% of women, including some who are well qualified. Crompton (1996), however, found no evidence of clear-cut categories among women working in banking and pharmacy in Britain and France. Houston Marks (2003) found many factors other than personal preference influenced womens attitude towards paid employment. Abbott et al (2005) criticize Hakim for ignoring structural constraints which limit and shape womens choices. ***CONTINUE FROM HERE -P126 (P121-130) The dual labour market theory The dual labour market theory developed by Barron Norris (1976) distinguishes between: The primary labour market of well-paid, fairly secure jobs with prospects; The secondary labour market of poorly paid, insecure jobs with few prospects. Employers try hard to attract and retain primary workers, who are seen as key to the success of their enterprises, but secondary workers are seen as easily replaced. It is difficult to transfer from the secondary to the primary labour market, and women tend to be concentrated in the secondary sector. This is due in part to employer sexism but also to factors such as lack of unionization. Beechey (1986) sees women as a cheap reserve army of labour, brought in during economic booms but thrown out during slumps. This creates flexibility for capitalists and depresses overall wage levels. Women tend to be in the reserve army because: they are often not in unions; they may be prepared to work for less if their wage is a second income; they are seen as combining work with domestic responsibilities. However, this theory cannot explain horizontal segregation. Also, the continued growth of female employment suggests that women are not being used purely as a temporary, reserve army of workers. McDowell (1992) applies post-Fordist theory to female employment. Post-Fordism suggests that there has been a move away from mass production to more flexible production of specialist products. Businesses keep a core of highly skilled workers, but most other workers are temporary or part-time, or work is contracted out to other firms. Women tend to be concentrated in the more flexible jobs, particularly part-time work, although some have benefited from gaining core jobs. Research by Lovering (1994) found evidence to support this theory in some companies but not in others, suggesting that post-Fordist trends affect only some workers. Some feminists stress the role of male trade unionists in restricting womens opportunities. Walby (1986) argues that in some areas (for example, engineering) trade unions have used exclusion to disadvantage women, while in industries such as textiles, women have been disadvantaged by confinement to certain lower-paid areas of work. Low-paid work ensures that women are more likely to take on domestic responsibilities than men. Radical feminists see patriarchy rather than capitalism as the main cause of female disadvantage. Stanko (1988) argues that sexual harassment in the workplace is used to keep women in their place. Men use their power in the workplace to protect their position. Women in jobs such as bar work and secretarial work are sexualized, and are not taken as seriously as workers or considered for promotion. Adkins (1995) goes further, arguing that sexual work has become integral to many womens jobs. In service sector jobs where women have contact with men they are expected to engage in sexual servicing: looking attractive, engaging in sexual banter, tolerating sexual innuendo and so on. The Women and Work Commission (2006) argues that reform, legislation and tackling sexist socialization can solve the problem of unequal pay. They argue that: Gender stereotyping in schools, in careers advice, and in work experience programmes, is based on traditional roles. This results in the concentration of women in lower-paid occupations. The Commission pointed out that the media could challenge these cultural expectations two thirds of forensic science students are now women. Combining work and family life leads to women taking career breaks and working part-time. Gosling (2005) found a single year working part-time before returning to full-time work led to a 10-15% reduction in pay, largely due to the quality of the part-time work available. Women need more opportunities for lifelong training. Workplace practices often disadvantage women. Job evaluations which rank male-dominated jobs more highly than female ones, even though these jobs have a similar skill level, need to be challenged. 1302 ADD GENDER ROLE AND STEREOTYPES AS PROHIBETER OF SEXES CROSS OVER TO DOMINENT SEX CAREER ROLES. 1605-1626

Studying In A Foreign Country Education Essay

Studying In A Foreign Country Education Essay My university experience till date has been one of the most unique, interesting, hectic and highly confusing in terms of adapting to a life I could not even imagine before. Its been a blend of fun and determination to stay focused, which is a continuing process and difficult to manage. I consider this reflective essay an opportunity to pen down my experiences, strengths and limitation that I encountered during my first year as a BA (Hons) Business Management and Studies student. These experiences influenced my day-to-day life and the development of my academic skills both directly and indirectly. Throughout the year, the numerous assignments, presentations and other module-related coursework presented challenges I have not encountered before and was both looking forward to and frightened by on a certain level. However, looking back on how I managed to organise my time management and balance my personal time, I am happy to say that semester one was a lesson to learn from and I am conf ident in thinking I am prepared to face new upcoming challenges with an optimistic attitude and determination to keep improving. Being an international student, studying in a foreign country, away from family and loved ones, has been overwhelming and challenging. The first challenge I was faced with was adjusting to the new culture and environment around me. Students coming from different cultures go through a phenomenon known as the Culture shock (Carroll and Ryan,). Culture differences include the physical environment, accommodation, the transport system and food which take time to get used to. Considering I come from a country with rich and colourful cultural background, getting used to the historical and cultural aspects of living in the Great Britain was a struggle at first. However, there are other types of shock the students from other cultures encounter as well. The so called Language shock had a lesser impact on my comfort as I have been studying English as my first language previous to coming here, but distinct accent of Wales made it hard for me to communicate to locals, which I find intimidating. A nd lastly, (Carroll and Ryan) explain that students from different cultures often encounter he so called Academic shock. The academic system here is very different compared to how I was educated in my home country, therefore giving me an opportunity to explore new ideas and perhaps realise new learning techniques that help me develop academically. Of course, there were some difficulties I encountered on the road to improvement and many more are to be expected, however I did not realise it would have such a significant impact on my previous abilities and knowledge. For example, writing assignments in an academic fashion is a new experience for me and finding relevant information and sources opened a new avenue of knowledge I had previously not encountered and admit to have struggled with at the beginning. However, the valuable feedback I received from my first essay helped boost my confidence and will to improve at all times. So far, the many new experienced turned out to be both positive and negative, having a different kind of impact on my learning and personal life. Probably the first and quite large difficulty I have encountered was the Harvard Referencing System and dealing with plagiarism, which we discussed at the beginning of the year. In India, my home country, we are not required to produce essays and other types of assignments consisting of references to other texts and sources. Therefore the world of British Academia based on avoiding the infamous plagiarism and always producing evidence of what is your own work and what is not, reminded me of trying to learn how to ride a bike. There were a few falls but in the end I managed to pick myself up and focus on the task, helping me learn and improve a skill that has been completely foreign to me beforehand. The amount of different types of sources, such as written text, academic journals, presentations and websites was initially over-whelming, whic h made me feel insecure about my abilities. However, I have soon realised that it does not have to be such a struggle and as I previously mentioned, the determination to learn and succeed won in the end. The best help I had at the beginning of this process was S. Cottrells guide on different types of referencing, which is a source that can be used at any point in my studies, even if another type of referencing will be required in my later years as a budding academic. (Cottrell) As stated by Allen (2005), finding and using information is a strategy that makes ones work easier. One has to focus on what is needed and read a lot of literature in order to get relevant matter from sources. I have put this knowledge to use hopefully successfully and hope to improve in the future. Receiving an encouraging A grade for my first assignment, made me realise that no student is perfect at the beginning if their academic journey and experience, and therefore I started believing in simply giving my best to any work I produce, which essentially is what is expected of me. As previously mentioned, the first semester was a lesson to learn from and the value of feedback was something I did not realise until it helped me improve radically. I have come to see that the reason why feedback is so important is that it gives all students a board to bounce off. The lack of references and relevant material in some of my essays was pointed out to me in a manner that was both professional and instead of making me feel defeated actually made me to push myself into improvement. In order to improve as I wish, I need to be more organised and have a clear understanding of what is expected of me from each assignment before collecting any information that might be relevant to the topic. Therefore I have been inspired by my fellow students who work according to a study plan which helps them organise their time, stay on track with their assignments and leave some time in order to contact the tutor if any difficulties or miscomprehension arise. According to Burn and Sinfield (2003), group work is a technique designed to reduce work load and share equal responsibility among group members to achieve goals in a limited time period. Group presentations became my favourite way of learning and something I look forward as a part of each of my modules. We usually work in a group of 3-4 people and during both the first and the second semester; we had the chance of preparing and presenting 3 group presentations. According to the Marxist views on education, working in groups at university prepares us to for the world of work by introducing us to any team work that we can encounter in our future employment, as well as authority respect and audience awareness. The limitations of our first group presentation experience varied from getting to know and work with people I did not know previously, and organising time for group meetings. One of the group members was, to put it as a laic, rude and had no consideration for other team members op inions, as well as wanting to do more work compared to others. His behaviour and attitude made me and the others feel less important and willing to work with him, as we could not contribute in the way we wished to. Since the lack of appropriate way of communication was so pronounced and equality in work contribution was non-existent, our performance was average and resulted in unusually low grades to all members. For our next assignment as the same group, we have decided to clear any issues that arouse during our first presentation to improve both our working relationship as a group and our performance to gain better grades and improve based on the feedback we received. The discussion helped us in many ways as we managed to assign equal contribution of work and made working together as a group less stressful and more of an enjoyable experience. Our presentation was not only spot on as required, but our teamwork has improved rapidly and was noticed by the tutor, receiving positive fe edback as well. Burn and Sinfield (2003) have suggested various tips and gave invaluable advice concerning group work, in order to make it more successful and productive. This advice included a variety of group work forms and processes, such as Belbins group roles, SWOT group work techniques and Adairs processes. Personally, I have found the SWOT group work technique to be most inspirational for my future enhancement and wish to include this technique in the future while preparing assigned presentations. SWOT analysis of the group allows one to identify the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats in a group. This helps nullifying the weaknesses at an individual level, and promoting the strength of the team members on a holistic level. The lack of knowledge of various presentation techniques inevitably resulted in, what I personally consider, an average, bordering on abysmal performance during my first presentation. Upon personal reflection, I realise my own limitations in the area of workin g with people and therefore wish to improve inter-personal relationships as a part of my personal development plan. The A levels I completed in my education in India consisted of subjects in the Science field and some related to it. Hence, not having a background in studying business and economics on a certain level like my fellow students was a considerable disadvantage, just like my lack of knowledge in the referencing ethics. Since I did not possess the basic knowledge of business, I was considered to be a slow learner compare to other students in my modules. Understanding economics was one of the biggest struggles I experienced and till date still find it difficult to comprehend, which I admit is highly discouraging. The regular economic quizzes provided on the blackboard helped me improve exponentially, however that does not mean I still do not feel like a fish out of water in this field. Finance however is a subject I enjoyed greatly, compared to how economics made me feel, and received valuable feedback on which allowed me to improve and gain better results. It was the subject I enjoyed stu dying the most and even considered majoring in it. All new modules I had the opportunity to study provided many new ideas and concepts for me, but with every positive comes a slight drawback. Each module requires a certain type of assignment, either a report or an essay. Both types of assignment form were foreign to me before my life as a developing academic and therefore the lectures on how to write an essay, reflective or other, helped me greatly in understanding the way in which my work had to be written and presented. Report style assignments were a struggle as a concept, closely tied to not having experience in studying business and management beforehand, where I believe such skills develop more gradually and improve at university level. Therefore instead of improving upon a skill I already had, report and essay writing is something that I had to learn consequently to coming to Britain and only now, after gaining some experience with assignments, I can improve on whatever skills I have gained predominantly in the first semester. Lastly, managing time is a rare resource or rather a skill, and there can be severe consequences if not grasped and developed correctly. Not only as a student but as a future employee as well, working in a demanding environment requires having a firm grasp of time management. Without this expected and highly demanding skill, future employability may become an issue, which I would rather not face. Since I am provided with the opportunity to learn how to manage my time and organise my schedule as university, I would consider it a personal failure if I did not develop these skills in order to gain better employability. Gaining new skills and improving upon the existing one is a continuous process, however I take it as an opportunity and a challenge to improve not only academically but as a rounded human being as well. My experience in Great Britain will hopefully become something to cherish and my determination and strengths something to focus at while looking for a future employment as well. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3GZ-cbg04cYCpg=PA150dq=guide+to+international+students+facing+difficultyhl=ensa=Xei=HtdeT5KZPOyY0QXHvp2fBwsqi=2ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=guide%20to%20international%20students%20facing%20difficultyf=false http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3GZ-cbg04cYCpg=PA150dq=guide+to+international+students+facing+difficultyhl=ensa=Xei=HtdeT5KZPOyY0QXHvp2fBwsqi=2ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=o

Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay -- Steinbeck Mice Men Essays

Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Relationships are essential in everybody's life. Having no real friends makes life dull, dark and lonely. Loneliness is a big theme in Of Mice and Men, George and Lennie are set apart from Slim, Crooks and Candy. They have something unique a special bond with each other. Each character influences, plays a role to the other characters. Steinbeck's portrayal of the men's relationship seems minimal, but is in fact monumental. The setting of Mice and Men takes place on a ranch where George and Lennie meet Slim, Candy, Crooks, Carlson, Curly and Curly's wife. Although the story takes place over a three-day span, all the characters make a relationship with one another. One relationship is between George, Candy and Lennie. Candy a lonely man, is pressured into having his dog shot he confides in George about his regret. In return, George tells them of their dream. Now they have a bond, and share a goal that is within grasp. Candy is a true friend he helps during a crisis in a minute you come out and tell the guys about her, and I'll co...

Compare The Ostler and The Darkness Out There Essay -- English Literat

Compare The Ostler and The Darkness Out There In this essay I will compare two stories - The Ostler, written in the 19th century by a man called Wilkie Coliins, and The Darkness Out There, by Penelope Lively, written in the 20th century. They are both horror stories, a genre which has been popular throughout the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. This is perhaps because, since we are no longer scared on a daily basis, as would have been the case in medieval times, we need to find an artificial way of creating the thrill. I will look at the similarities and differences between the way each story is structured, the build up of tension, the settings and the characters. First I will summarise each story and look at their 19th and 20th century features. The Ostler is about an unlucky, not very bright man who has a very vivid dream on his birthday that a woman is trying to kill him. Years later, also on his birthday, he meets this woman again and gets engaged to her before he realises who she is. By the time his mother realises, it is to late and he feels he has to marry her. She turns out to be an alcoholic and one day, after she is particularly cruel to him, Isaac hits her. She runs away, and comes back seven days later, on the night of his birthday, to try and attack him, in exactly the same way as the dream-woman did. He manages to stop her and she runs away again, this time never to be seen again, but Isaac continues to be terrified that she will return and kill him, especially on his birthday. The Darkness Out There is about two teenagers who are part of a group which helps out old people with things like cleaning and gardening. They go to help one old lady and she tells them a how, in the war, she l... ...an people's mind's. The stories are similar in that nothing too horrific actually happens in either of them. They are more about the character's fears. Personally, I liked The Ostler less than The Darkness Out There, as it deals with a more supernatural horror which only affects the character in the story, and so did not have such an impact on me. I liked The Darkness Out There as it makes you think, and it applies to everyone, which makes it truly chilling. At the end Sandra is changed forever. The wood is emptied of the fictional witches, wolves, tigers and prowling blokes, but this does not make her feel better. The old fears were in a way comforting - "It was cosy to think of Packer's End, where you weren't", but the new fear cannot be shut out or escaped from because it is a part of her, a part of every human that is capable of unspeakable horror.

Moses and the Burning Bush Essay -- essays research papers

Two men are walking to temple. The older man says to the younger man, â€Å"So, do you know why the Jewish people aren’t voting for President Bush?† The younger man replies with an inquisitive â€Å"No.† â€Å"Well,† says the older man, â€Å"the last time the Jewish people followed a Bush they wound up wandering in the Desert.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This recent political joke is in reference to the Exodus story of Moses and the burning bush. As stated in the bible it reads:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Moses was tending the flock of Jethro, his father in law, the priest of Midian. He led the flock far into the wilderness and came to Horev, the mountain of Elohim. The angel of YHVH appeared to him in a flame of fire out of a bush. He gazed: the bush is blasing fire yet the bush is not consumed!† (Exodus 3:1-2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Exodus is the second of the five â€Å"books of Moses† that tells the story of the Exodus of Israelites from Egypt through the Sinai Desert. When Moses was born, the Israelites were oppressed by the Egyptian Pharaoh and bound to a harsh life of labor taking part in building some of the great public works of Egypt such as the pyramids, fortresses, and installations to regulate the flow of the Nile River. For fear that the Israelite population would continue to increase, the Pharaoh insisted that every male Hebrew child would be killed at birth. Ironically, during this oppressive period, Moses, the â€Å"future deliverer of Israel†, was born. To protect his life, his mother sent him down the Nile in a specially woven ark. He was found by the Pharaoh’s daughter who took him in and, to add to the irony, she hired his mother to be his foster nurse. The baby boy grew up and was adopted into the Pharaoh’s household and named Moses. His name is derived from the Egyptian root â€Å"mose† meaning â€Å"son†, but in the Bible, it is said to hale from the Hebrew root meaning â€Å"drawn out of the water.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even though Moses, was raised as an Egyptian, he knew that he was truly Hebrew. After seeing an Egyptian taskmaster cruelly beating a Hebrew, Moses became so furious that he murdered the Egyptian. Fearing that the Pharaoh would find out what he had done, Moses fled to the wilderness, â€Å"the eternal safe retreat of outcasts from ancient society and of those in revolt against authority.† Moses found himself in the Sinai Desert amongst other ... ...suffering from harsh treatment and facing eradication, they had hope and faith for a better life. A life which Moses helped to bring them following his command from God. The excerpt from the Zohar concerning Moses and the burning bush ends with an uplifting quote, â€Å"Happy are Israel! The Blessed Holy One has separated them from all nations and called them His Children, as it is written: ‘You are children of YHVH your God!’ (Deuteronomy 14:1)† The people of Israel had endured a great deal of suffering in which most people would begin to question their faith in God. However, through this suffering, those of Israel have continued to separate themselves from others and persevered to serve their Lord. I feel that this story is very important concerning the history of the struggles that Jews have faced and overcome. Although, the joke at the beginning of this paper obviously seems to mock the story of Moses and the burning bush, the fact that the story is still remembered today and understood by the masses that it only further depicts the story’s vital significance to the Jewish religion. I see the joke as only a continued remembrance of the Prophet Moses and his struggles for Israel.

Btec Buisness Level 3 Unit 1

BTEC LEVEL 3 IN BUSINESS UNIT 3: INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING Assignment Brief Tesco’s and Oxfam’s Concepts of marketing- marketing= a social and managerial process by which individual and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. Core marketing concepts Markets Exchange transitions & relationships Value satisfaction and quality Products Needs wants and demands B. define aims and objectives Aims: A purpose or intention; a desired outcome Objectives c. Private companies may issue stock and have shareholders.And are invested by individuals. However, their shares do not trade on public exchanges and are not issued through an initial public offering. In general, the shares of these businesses are less liquid and the values are difficult to determine, an example of a private sector is Warburton’s, their aims are to maximise profits or increase value of shares. Public sectors offer shares to the general public, A Public sectors stock can be acquired by anyone and holders are only limited to potentially lose the amount paid for the shares.An example of a public sector would be Tesco’s because they provide a service to the community, another example for Tesco’s being in the public sector is so they can expand internationally, private sectors however would only be able to stay nationally because it s easier to control shares. Tesco’s aims would be to boost the national economy and also to maximise profits. Non profit companies would be charity and sometimes government run organisations. Any money earned must be retained by the organization, and used for its own expenses, operations, and programs.An example of a non profit sector would be Oxfam because they use the money invested in their organisation to help people suffering poverty poor housing in third world countries globally and to invest also using the money to use on their expenses programs etc. Their aims are to imp rove poverty and lifestyle in third world countries. Introduce and explain the two businesses you will be investigating. Refer to their business activity i. e. what they do to make their money, their size and history. Refer to task C and state which sector they belong within. Focus upon and explain one product or service provided by each business.D. i will be investigating Tesco’s and Oxfam. Tesco’s is the third most successful retailer in the world, and they sell all general products needed in a household including, food, clothes, furniture, mobile phones etc they also sell luxury items like gaming equipment, broadband etc, Oxfam is one of the biggest charities globally, they sell clothes, books, board games, etc to make money so they can put it into their company so they can cover expenses and support programs, they also accept donations so they can help other third world countries that are suffering from poverty poor housing etc.Tesco’s was founded in 1942; T esco’s was founded in 1919 by jack Cohan in east London. Oxfam belongs to the non profit sector, they provide products that are cheap so they can provide for programs across the world and supply their organisation with important resources. Tesco’s belongs to the public sector and offer basic products and necessities such as food, housing etc. And services like broadband and banking etc. E. tescos: they want to make cheaper prices so they would be able to get a larger quantity of products sold.Oxfam: more of a variety of products to sell, so customers have more of a choice, this will increase the variety of customers. F. organisational objectives are different from marketing objectives . Marketing objectives are giving a time frame in which they should achieve it, organisational objectives are the overall objectives and are the ones that are the most important. g. The marketing objectives can make you get closer to an organizational objective because it might lead to th e same path. For example marketing objectives are like little steps towards organizational objective. h.Tesco’s marketing objectives is to make prices fair for customers and beneficial for Tesco’s, and also expand their business into different companies. Oxfam’s marketing objectives would be to open more Oxfam shops across the u. k, so they can benefit their programs resources etc. i. Tesco’s might expand their brand into different retailers so it’ll gain more popularity and might even be a leading bran in food clothes etc ii. Oxfam might open stores internationally so will lead to make more money so they can use it so they can run more charitable programs and lead to improve poverty, housing in third world countries around the world. . Explain and justify which of these your business may use when marketing their product or service (one of the businesses products/services you have explained within task d). j. if Tesco’s was marketing a certa in food product Tesco’s would use a marketing technique for example Tesco’s would advertise the product on wallpaper, leaflets ,TV etc also they would put special offers on the product e. g. 2 for the price of one k. Identify and describe the limitations and constraints upon marketing activities.For example if Tesco’s was making a new product and they were given a limited amount of money to invest in this product, this would limit how advanced this product and how useful this product would end up to be. A constraint for tescos would be the price war, all supermarkets, retailers etc want the best prices for their customers and the best prices for customers means more profit for themselves, this would subdued customers to shop at Tesco’s more than other retailers tacos is always making cuts and budgets to make low prices for customers its is a constant restraint for Tesco’s L.For each limitation and constraint explain how this may affect the marketin g operations of your two chosen businesses. The operations wouldn’t run as smoothly because you are not making enough profit to achieve those operations. The price war will affect their special offers new programs because they would have to cut those in making a better price for customers, prices are one of the top priorities for a retailer. m. Produce a comparison table stating and explaining in detail the similarities and differences between the chosen product/service of each organisation across a range of market techniques. Similarities | Differences | | |

Report on NatWest Bank’s Creativity and Innovation Essay

NatWest affirm is a member of the magnificent affirm of Scotland stem (RBS Group). In 1968 topic Provincial swan (est.1833) and Westminster strand (est.1836), coalesced as topic Westminster intrust building. Jointly, these b each(prenominal)s could out crimp their channel relationship corrobo set out d take the centuries through a ancestry of influential constituents, since the 1650s. The declaration nevertheless astonished the public, much over to both desires the benefits were plain the merger enhanced balance aero computer programmee strength, created opportunities to stream nervous strain the weapon system ne tworks and enabled greater enthr peerlessment in natural technology. The statutory operation of integration was correct in 1969 and case Westminster Bank commenced profession on 1 January 1970, with the three-arrowheads symbol as its Logo of the fellowship with 3,600 branches, naturalised a wide float of new services, including the brinks forebodebalance extension card, Access, in 1972, and computer-linked cash dispensers, Servicetills, in 1976. Deregulation in the mid-eighties, culminating in self-aggrandizing Bang in 1986, as well hike up interior(a) Westminster Bank to compute the securities trading.County Bank, the Groups merchant bank, acquired originbroking and jobbing firms to create NatWest coronation Bank. In the repute duration, the International Banking theatrical role appe bed to offer international banking services to greathearted companies and to focus on expansion in the USA, the Far East and Europe. In the 1980s new services were developed much(prenominal) as teleph wizard banking and touch- screen pct bartering to assist the governments privatisation programme. The 1980s also byword the National Westminster Home Loans established in 1980 and the humble Business Unit in 1982. The trade in account card extended the electronic transfer of funds to blockage of barters agreement in 1988. In the 1990s mo engagementary services markets world-wide underwent huge variations and in re tripee the bank refoc en double-dyed(a)d its activities, exiting from a issuing of markets and adopting the deed of NatWest. In March 2000, The Royal Bank of Scotland Group completed the acquisition of NatWest in a 21 billion deal that was the swelledst take-over in British banking history. NatWest ranks fifth in the world and is now small-arm of a financial services group which is the here and now largest bank by market capization in the UK and in Europe. (NatWest 2006)Read more than(prenominal) Essay About National Westminster BankCreativity and Innovation of the BankWith granting a muscular belligerent encourage to innovation, creative thinking and efficiency, it al prudences attains lead on come to firms. Innovation is a driver of harvestivity growth. Novel products, carry outes and methods of working shadow cushion efficiency gains and quality improvemen ts not solely inside the innovating firm, save also inwardly new(prenominal) firms that recap or plant on the innovation within their own firms. at that maneuver argon a compute of reasons wherefore the cast of innovation is liable(predicate) to fall on a lower floor sociablely optimal aims, and small innovating firms whitethorn face especially severe barriers to innovation. The key constraints be bound access to risk capital The informational impediments to free- procedure markets for SME finance were discussed earlier in this chapter, but it is particularly difficult for electromotive force lenders or dedicateors to assess managely risk and returns accruing to here afterward research or to the implementation of unproven innovations. Newly-established innovating firms often be pass on a overtaking and face severe cash-flow constraints in their proto(prenominal) stratums. Difficulties appropriating the full benefits of innovation Whilst a competitive milieu result provide the go around general incentive for firms to innovate, firms need to be confident that they can reap the rewards of their innovation.This is why the intellectual property regime allows firms to prevent, for a limited check of time, their competitors from copying their innovations. This is a indispensable reward for the be of R&D, and service of routines to encourage innovation. Nevertheless, the internal return to innovation may console be modest sexual intercourse to the industry-wide benefits that arise once the innovation can be replicated by other firms. unfitness to diversify risk While bigger companies may have a large portfolio of advance(a) activity, innovation in smaller firms may be concent pointd on a single product or mental process, and the cost of undertaking the necessary R&D may be in truth large relative to the overall financial assets of the compevery. Accordingly, where SMEs are risk-averse, they go out be disapprove from investing in innovative activities with unsure returns. Assembling the enterprise confront will rely on the innovation and creativity of entrepreneurs themselves, but the Government mustiness also provide the honorable modifys and the necessary prolong for successful enterprise. (Cosh and Hughes 2000) The NatWest Group has a match of 6 UK banking licences and licences from several other authorities. on that point are two principal be linked with getting to the patch where a bank is in a position to obtain and main(prenominal)tain its banking licence 1) Implementing a reporting system that satisfies the requisites of the regulators.In access to standard financial reports these would embroil implementing the systems to admonisher and report capital adequacy, liquidity, credit risk, and pursuance charge per unit risk etc. 2) Ensuring that on that point is the necessary infrastructure in place to satisfy case-by-case regulatory requirements on operational areas such(prenominal) as currency laundering, advertising and sales of financial products. There are also note expensey drop costs in coping with the grooming of creativity infrastructure. To replace the existing branch and service centre network and administrative constructions is a major project in its own right and in plus to the costs of such physical assets, which are on the balance sheet it would be necessary to handle the stipulation of such facilities. Costs would also be involved in the provision of such items as HR policies, for example the sunk costs associated with setting up employee benefit programmes, such as pension plans, stock options, bonus schemes, car schemes, health care etc. The same tactic has been adopted and this turns up at an total expenditure of 255 m. This is belike a conservative estimate. Over the outcome 1996 to 2000 NatWest incurred expenses of around 13 bn in respect of its retail Transformation programme, which was notwithstanding a limiting of part of its existing infrastructure quite than creation of a totally innovative wholeness. (RBSG, 2002)NatWest depends entirely upon the qualities of innovation, and suffer more astutely from the rapidity of transform. Whether in presentation, report, the visual liberal arts or advertising, the progress of new product is at the heart of all doings. Without this self- gene strayd action, thither is not about(prenominal)thing to put up for sale. The arena at that placefore has a specific and intriguing manufacturing process or value kitchen range which, at each stage, demands unlike talents. At the raw development end of work (ideas generation, creating, training) there is a need for concepts, atomic number 82 edge ideas and formulations, creativity, innovation and initiative customer orientation. Problem solving is par come up. At the mo of production (turning ideas into products, locations for production) this first set of aptitudes is still grave but must be supplemented by _In telligence, understanding of the market, industry apprehension and st gradegic view _ in effect(p) instruction of resources _Ability to develop and manage relationships with partners, research new connections and collaborations with suppliers. The merger of the Royal Bank of Scotland (genus Bos) and Halifax to form HBOS resulted from increasing competitive pressures in the financial sector. Since about 1980, with the decline of grueling industries and growth of a service economy, like other clearing banks, genus Bos was get to expand further into small business lending and new retail products (e.g. residential owes, financial services, credit cards, etc.).Competition was magnify by banking deregulation, which led to the growth of a secondary banking sector, the transformation of many construction societies (including Halifax) into banks, and new amalgamations into ever-larger banks (as cited in Leyshon and Thrift 1993). During this period there was increasing concern in the economical banking community about the potential for takeovers to erode a distinctive Scottish banking sector (as cited in Saville 1996 717-40), which had been partly keep by an historical gentlemans agreement between the English and Scottish banks to limit their presences in each others markets. In September 1999, genus Bos surprised The City of Lon put one across by making a 20.85 billion offer up to take over NatWest Bank, in piece striking first in an environment where further bank mergers seemed inevitable. Many in the financial press were quick to point out that under these new terms, genus Bos and other Scottish banks could not evaluate to have their time to come independence protected. In late November the Royal Bank of Scotland, genus Boss main competitor in Scotland, made a successful counter bid of 25.1 billion. The City now anticipate a takeover of genus Bos, compelling BoS to keep ill-treat with the Royal Bank. BoS and Halifax began merger negotiations in April 2 001, and the new banking group, HBOS, began trading on the stock market on 10 September, 2001.The Halifax was the dominant partner in the merger, being about twice the surface of BoS in terms of number of employees and market value at the time of merger, and supplying key ecesisal leadership, including the CEO. The pith rationale of the merger was that it brought together Halifaxs substantial mortgage lending income and BoSs expertise and placement in the corpo pose banking world to create new business opportunities for the merged organisation. It also saw the dislocation of BoSs instead constituted, cautious and habitual banking ethos by the more modern, competitive and market driven ethos of the Halifax organisation. and then the merger was experienced by staff as an encounter between two diametric corpo pasture cultures, and two different national cultures, at the same time. By the political orientation of inter permute it specifies an ideological particularize that c orresponds closely with Therborns conception of modernity. With this idiomatic expression I demand to direct anxiety not so much to a set of ideas and beliefs about smorgasbord, but more to a disposition, or attitude toward change. I mean to suggest a normatively super supercharged attitude in which established behaviors of doing things are devalued and innovation and change is positively valued in principle, disregardless of the particulars of any constituten situation. It is, in a sense, a presumption of guilt in regard to the senescent, and presumption of innocence in regard to the new.This attitude is deeply naturalised, so that the imperative and positive value of change is widely regarded as self-evident, and not easily questioned. Thus rather than the great social critiques and governmental programmes associated with the formation of modernity, I mean to invoke a routinized and normalized aspect of established modernityseen in the way political parties and governm ents promote themselves through promises of reform, in the way corporations and public institutions are constantly restructuring in rule to modernize and keep pace with their competitors, and in the way consumer-citizens in capitalistic society come to expect scientific and technological advances that will increase companionship and improve commodities and services, while fashions in favorite culture rapidly replaces one some other. The ideology of change is mundane, relentless common sense. well-nigh problems of innovation and creativity lay with the organization and its leadership, rather than force out, the exhortation to embrace change was ultimately being translated into a message of personal moral reform. In this way the ideology of change, while meeting resistance, percolated stack to beleaguered selves seeking some greater purchase on their state of affiars. (Hearn 2006)HRM Strategic Milestones in NatWest During 199091 County NatWest, an investment bank, asked all it s business units, including its personnel department, to set up strategic milestones for a five- year period. Their performance was to be thrifty against those milestones at specified target dates. The requirement to produce strategic milestones as an input to the banks five-year marked an important watershed in defining the theatrical role of personnel to the business at a strategic level. It forced the department to think over on the nature of that contribution. Senior management of the bank duly authorised 18 separate strategic milestones. The milestones were consistent one with the other, and overall addressed issues that consultation within business units and across the three personnel teams had shown to be critical to business success. to each one milestone was assigned to a designated individual and was incorporated into his or her own targets of performance. quarterly reviews on progress, involving the whole department, were subsequently held to picture that the mile stones were on target.The operational tasks that a centralised T&D planning process involves seek to reckon that T&D considerations are taken fully into composition when business strategy is formulated. They form part of a human resource plan within the wider business plan. At business unit/divisional level there are policies to ensure bulk are trained and developed in line with the needs of the business. At the individual level T&D is an integrated part of daily routine and procedures, helping people to achieve performance standards and behavioral objectives and building up the kind of workforce required in terms of productivity, quality and flexibility. T&D staff operates a cooperative approach to planning at each stage in order to ensure a high level of buy-in from line management and other stakeholders. (Harrison 2001)ConclusionNatWest Bank had recently a remarkable hold over the competitors on November 15 2006 in the 12th yearly Convention- CCA Excellence Awards catego rize for Best Customer Focus financial Services (details lendable on http//www.ccai.org.uk/events). The Bank is the second giant bank in the entire Europe (after Deutsche Bank) and incredibly progressed in a very short queer of time (as discussed in the historical background). NatWests creativity and innovation line of antiaircraft led the bank to the stature of success. Chinua Achebe (1930 ), Nigerian novelist, poet, and essayist rightly says Contradictions if well tacit and managed can spark off the fires of invention. Orthodoxy whether of the right or of the left is the graveyard of creativity. (Anthills of the Savannah)ReferencesNatWest A History, (2006), NatWest Bank, available on accessed April 29 2007. Cosh and Hughes, (2000), Tackling Market Failures, British Bankers Association. Jonathan Hearn, (2006), National Identity, Organisational Culture, and the Ideology of Change in Scotland, BSA Annual Conference, Scottish Study Group. Rosemary Harrison, (2005), Producing and Implementing L&D Strategy, CIPD Publications. Appendix A NatWest gloss AER Annual Equivalent Rate. This shows what the fill rate would be if enkindleingness were nonrecreational and added to your account each year. APR Annual Percentage Rate. The interest redressable on what youve seizeed is added up along with other charges (e.g. arrangement holds) and then verbalised as an yearly rate of charge. The APR helps you comparison the true cost of espousal, for example for a mortgage. The APR takes into account all fees and charges applied to the mortgage as well as the periodical chip inments over the life of the add. arrangement fee a fee to cover administration. arrears currency that was due to be paid but has not been paid.When you are behind in deliverments, you are in arrears. assets your gold, property, goods and so on that have a financial value. agency a polity that you pay for, and that pays gold to your next of kin when you die. bankers order of p ayment a cheque drawn on the bank (or building society) itself against either a cash deposit or silver taken directly from your own bank account. A bankers draft is a secure way of receiving coin from somebody you take upt know and where a cash is inconvenient. Bankers drafts are usually used for large purchases such as homes and cars. base rate the interest rate from which lenders set their rates for lending and savings products. Its usually based on the base rate set by the Bank of England. capital capital that youve invested or borrowed (e.g. to buy a home). It doesnt implicate the income or profit you get from an investment, or the interest you have to pay on a add or mortgage. CHAPS unclutter House Automated Payment System.This is a system that enables bullion to be transferred from one bank account to another(prenominal) on the same day. chip and autumn a system to reduce card fraud. A chip and spill card has a smart chip that holds your four-digit Personal re alisation Number (PIN). When you pay in a shop with a chip and PIN card, youll be asked to enter your PIN into a keypad instead of signing a receipt. This PIN is the same number that you use to fall behind currency at a cash mechanism. unclouded balance/ decipherable funds includes credits (cheques and cash) that have completed the clearing cycle. You can however withdraw or transfer money to another account with money from your cleared balance. The cleared balance is updated during the day as you begin payments into and out of your account. clearing cycle the process that your cheque goes through when you pay it into your account. A cheque wont be cleared if, for example, the person who gave it to you doesnt have enough money in their account. credit card allows you to borrow money to pay for goods and services without using cash or cheques. credit balance the cadence of money in your account. credit limit the level best amount of money that you may borrow. debit card allows you to pay for goods and services without writing cheques or using cash.The money is taken directly from your current account (you put one acrosst borrow the money as with a credit card). Some debit cards can also be used to guarantee cheques. debt an amount of money that you owe to a person or company. Direct Debit an instruction from you to your bank or building society allowing person to take money from your account. The amount of money taken can vary, but you must be told the amounts and dates beforehand. Direct Debits allow you to pay bills automatically from your account on a level(p) basis. discounted rate a shifting rate that is set at a fixed percentage amount below the lenders standard covariant rate for a period of time. At the end of the period, the mortgage goes back to the lenders variable rate. EAR Effective Annual Rate. This is the amount of interest charged on an overdraft and is state as an annual rate. Unlike the APR, the figure does not include any fees or charges. Equity (in property) the balance between how much your property is worth the balance of your outstanding mortgage and any other debts secured on the property.Equity acquittance a way of releasing especial(a) money by borrowing against the uprightness in your home. ERTF Exchange Rate exertion Fee. This is a fee that you pay when withdrawing remote currency from a cash machine or when paying for something in another currency (e.g. when youre on spend abroad). The foreign currency is converted into pounds superlative (using the banks exchange rate) and a fee for doing this is added. fixed-rate interest an interest rate that stays the same end-to-end an concord period. flexible mortgage a mortgage that allows you to make overpayments and underpayments on the mortgage without penalty, and, in some cases, to take payment holidays. gross the whole amount before any deductions (such as levy or fees) are made. gross interest rate interest before income tax is deducted. Insurance policy a policy that you pay for, and that pays money to you to cover possibilities such as theft, slander to property, loss and so on. interest the amount that you pay when you borrow money. Its show as a percentage rate over a period of time. interest-free no interest is charged on money that you borrow. interest-only mortgages a contribute on which you only pay the interest element.The amount of capital you owe remains the same throughout the term of the mortgage and is due to be repaid at the end of the term. interest rate the rate at which you pay back interest, expressed as a percentage of the amount you borrow. investment something you put money into that will provide income in the future (such as savings) or gain in value so that you can address it at a higher(prenominal) footing later (such as a house). bestow money that you borrow (e.g. to buy a new car) on condition that you pay it back. lifetime mortgage a part of equity release product for the over 60s, which allows you to release money by borrowing against the value of your home. There are no monthly repayments, instead the interest is added to the loan and the whole amount is repaid when you die or move into long-term care, usually from the sale of the house.This means more interest will build up than with a conventional mortgage. mortgage a loan to help you buy property on condition that the company giving you the loan has accredited rights, including the right to sell the property if you dont pay back the loan. net the amount after deductions (such as tax or fees) are made. net interest rate the rate payable after the lower rate of income tax is deducted. (NB the rate of tax may vary, so a net rate is usually only given as an example.) nominal annual rate the rate of interest that would halt if the interest were not added each year and if there were no inflation. overdraft borrowings from your current account. overpayment higher or extra mortga ge payments that you make (usually to pay off your loan or mortgage early). p.a. per annum, which means each year. payment holiday a period of one or more months when you dont make repayments on your loan or mortgage, although interest continues to accrue during that time.PIN Personal Identification Number. This is the four-digit number that you enter into a cash machine when you want to take out cash, and that you use when you pay with your chip and PIN card. Never give this number to anyone, or write it down. rate the percentage interest rate charged by a lender. remortgage replacing a mortgage with a new one (from your existing or a different lender), without moving home. You use the money you borrow for the new mortgage to repay the old one. repayment method the means by which a mortgage is repaid. The two main repayment methods are interest only and repayment. repayment mortgage a loan where you pay back some of the capital as well as interest each month.The amount you o we is gradually reduced. return the profit you get, for example, when you invest money. share a unit of ownership in a company. share protection shows the amount of ownership. share dealing the process of buying and selling shares. standing order a method of making regular payments directly from your bank account. Its a fixed sum and you tell your bank when to start and stop paying it. stock another term for share. transaction each time you pay money into or take money out of your account, its called a transaction. unarranged borrowing an overdraft that is higher than your bank or building society has concord to. uncleared balance the amount of money in your account including all the uncleared items in your account and any items paid in during the day. underpayment a loan or mortgage payment that is less than the amount that you should normally pay for that month. variable-rate interest the interest rate that you pay on your loan or mortgage and that rises and falls n early in line with a stated index, such as the base rate set by the Bank of England. (NatWest , 2006, available on http//www.natwest.co.uk/glossary.htm/)